ANATOMY - Forelimb Flashcards
What are cursorial vertebrates?
Cursorial vertebrates are species which have evolved to run on the ground and are structurally modified to enhance speed and endurance
What are the three main anatomical adaptations of cursorial vertebrates?
Reduced pectoral skeleton
Elongation of the proximal limbs
Elongation of the distal limbs
What are the six regions of the forelimb?
Omo
Brachium
Antebrachium
Carpus
Manus
Digit
What are the seven bones of the forelimb?
Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpal bones
Metacarpal bones
Phalanges
What are the six joints of the forelimb?
Shoulder
Elbow
Carpal joint
Metacarpophalangeal joint
Proximal interphalangeal joint
Distal interphalangeal joint
In which region of the forelimb is the scapula located?
Omo region
What type of bone is the scapula?
The scapula is a flat bone
Why does the scapula have a more ventral and lateral orientation in cursorial vertebrates?
The scapula has a more vertical orientation to accommodate a longer stride length
Identify these features of the scapula (including the fossa’s)
What are the four palpable surfaces of the scapula?
Dorsal border
Cranial border
Scapular spine
Acromion process
Why is the caudal border of the scapula not palpable?
The caudal border of the scapula is covered by muscle and thus cannot be easily palpated
What are the two fossa’s on the lateral surface of the scapula?
Supraspinous fossa
Infraspinous fossa
What is the palpable landmark for the shoulder present on the lateral surface of the scapula?
Acromion process
In which species is there no acromion process?
Horses have no acromion process
What is the name of the subchondral bone of the scapula?
Glenoid cavity
Which muscle tendon originates at the supraglenoid tubercle?
Biceps brachii tendon
What is the additional bony process present proximal to the acromion process of the feline scapula?
Suprahamate process
What are the two additional features of the large animal scapula?
Tuber on the scapular spine
Cartilage extension of the dorsal border of the scapula
Where are the two centres of ossification located in the scapula?
Body of the scapula
Supraglenoid tubercle
In which region of the forelimb is the humerus located?
Brachium region
What type of bone is the humerus?
The humerus is a long bone
What is the subchondral bone at the proximal end of the humerus?
Head of the humerus
What is the palpable landmark for the shoulder present at the proximal end of the humerus?
Greater tubercle
What is the name of the tubercle located on the medial side of the proximal humerus?
Lesser tubercle