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MODULE 7 - Skin and Bones > ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - The Integumentary System > Flashcards

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - The Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five main functions of the integumentary system?

A

Protection from physical and pathogenic insults
Thermoregulation
Metabolic functions (i.e. vitamin D3 synthesis)
Enclosure of the body to allow motion while retaining shape
Sensory perception

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2
Q

Give six examples of exogenous factors that can influence the condition of the skin

A

Nutritional
Microbial
Chemical
Physical
Parasitic
Allergic

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3
Q

Give five examples of endogenous factors that can influence the condition of the skin

A

Immunologic
Congenital
Hereditary
Hormonal
Metabolic
Age

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4
Q

What are the three histological layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

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5
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the epidermal layer of the skin?

A

Keratinised, stratified, squamous epithelium

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6
Q

What type of connective tissue makes up the dermal layer of the skin?

A

Dense, irregular connective tissue

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7
Q

Which staining method can be used to highlight collagen and elastic fibres in the dermal layer of the skin?

A

Masson’s trichrome stain

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8
Q

Which tissues makes up the hypodermic layer of the skin?

A

Loose connective tissue
Adipose tissue

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9
Q

What are the three adnexal structures of the skin?

A

Hair follicles
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands

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10
Q

What is the embryological origin of the epidermis?

A

The epidermis has an ectodermal embryological origin

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11
Q

What is the embryological origin of the dermis?

A

The dermis has a mesodermal embryological origin

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12
Q

What are the four principle cell types found in the epidermal layer of the skin?

A

Basal cells
Melanocytes
Merkel cells
Langerhans cells

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13
Q

What are basal cells and where are they located?

A

Basal cells are undifferentiated keratinocytes found in the stratum basale of the epidermis

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14
Q

What are melanocytes and where are they located?

A

Melanocytes are melanin producing cells located in the stratum basale

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15
Q

What is the embryological origin of melanocytes?

A

Melanocytes are embryologically derived from neural crest cells

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16
Q

Describe briefly how melanocytes are involved in photo-protection of the skin

A

Melanocytes synthesise and transfer melanin pigment to basal cells resulting in a cap of melanin granules located above the basal cell nuclei. Melanin is photoprotective and as UV exposure increases, melanin production and distribution also increases

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17
Q

What is the function of Merkel cells?

A

Merkel cells are mechanoreceptors

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18
Q

What is the function of langerhans cells and where are they located?

A

Langerhans cells have an immunosurveillance function and are located in the stratum spinosum layer of the epidermis

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19
Q

What is keratinisation?

A

Keratinisation is the proliferation and differentiation of basal cells into terminally differentiated keratin squames which are continuously shed into the environment

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20
Q

What are the five squata layers found in the epidermis?

A

Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidim
Stratum corneum

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21
Q

Describe briefly the stage of keratinisation represented by the stratum basale

A

The stratum basale is composed of one layer of mitotically active basal cells which are continuously differentiating and producing new cells while pushing older cells towards the surface of the skin as well as synthesising tonofilaments within their cytoplasm

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22
Q

What are tonofilaments?

A

Tonofilaments are intermediate filaments that combine into bundles to form tonofibrils

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23
Q

Describe briefly the stage of keratinisation represented by the stratum spinosum

A

The stratum spinosum is composed of differentiated basal cells known as keratinocytes held together by junctional complexes known as desmosomes. The synthesis of tonofilaments continues along with lamellar bodies in the upper spinosum layer

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24
Q

What are lamellar bodies?

A

Lamellar bodies are lipid filled organelles involved in the formation of the hydrophobic protective barrier in the stratum corneum

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25
Q

Describe briefly the stage of keratinisation represented by the stratum granulosum/stratum lucidim

A

The stratum granulosum/stratum lucidim are composed of flattened keratinocytes with shrunken nuclei and organelles. Keratohyaline granules have also been synthesised within the cytoplasm

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26
Q

What are contained within keratohyaline granules?

A

Keratohyaline granules contain filaggrin and loricrin proteins

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27
Q

What is the function of filaggrin proteins?

A

Filaggrin proteins aggregate and align tonofilaments into tonofibrils

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28
Q

What is the function of loricrin proteins?

A

Loricrin proteins make up the majority of the thickened protective envelope found in the stratum corneum

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29
Q

Is the stratum lucidim present in thin hairy skin?

A

No, the stratum lucidim is a feature specific to thick, hairless skin

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30
Q

Describe briefly the stage of keratinisation represented by the stratum corneum

A

The stratum corneum is composed of terminally differentiated keratin squames sandwiched between hydrophobic layers of lipid that have been expelled by the lamellar bodies

31
Q

What is desquamation?

A

Desquamation is the natural process in which the outer layer of skin cells is sloughed off

32
Q

What regulates the process of desquamation?

A

Desquamation is regulated by the balance between proteases, which enzymatically breakdown the desmosomes between the outer layer of keratin squames, and protease inhibitors which inhibit the actions of proteases

33
Q

Why is the epidermis and dermis interdigitated in hairless skin regions?

A

The epidermis and dermis are interdigitated in hairless skin regions as these areas undergo high mechanical abrasion and this interdigitation helps to anchor the epidermis to the underlying dermis

34
Q

Why is the dermal-epidermal border smooth in hairy skin?

A

The dermal-epidermal border is smooth in hairy skin because the presence of hair follicles helps to anchor the epidermis to the underlying dermis

35
Q

How does the epidermis receive nourishment as this layer of the skin has no direct blood supply?

A

The epidermis has no blood vessels so relies on diffusion from capillaries in the underlying dermis for a supply of nutrients

36
Q

What is the function of the arterio-venous shunts commonly found in the dermis?

A

Dermal arterio-venous shunts are involved in thermoregulation and re-direct warm arterial blood away from the skin surface towards the core organs when the body is cold

37
Q

What are the three functions of hair?

A

Thermoregulation
Mechanical protection
Sensory perception (tactile hairs)

38
Q

What are the two types of hair follicle?

A

Simple hair follicle
Compound hair follicle

39
Q

Which domestic species’ typically have simple hair follicles?

A

Bovine
Equine
Porcine

40
Q

Which domestic species’ typically have compound hair follicles?

A

Canine
Feline

41
Q

What is the name of the visible part of the hair that projects above the epidermis?

A

Hair shaft

42
Q

What is the name of the part of the hair that extends down deeper into the epidermis and the dermis?

A

Hair root

43
Q

What is a hair bulb?

A

A hair bulb is the widening of the root at the base of each individual hair

44
Q

What is a hair follicle?

A

A hair follicle is the sheath that surrounds the hair root

45
Q

What are the three layers of the hair?

A

Medulla
Cortex
Cuticle

46
Q

What are the three layers of the hair follicle?

A

Inner root sheath
External root sheath
Connective tissue sheath

47
Q

What is the dermal papilla?

A

The dermal papilla is the valcularised invagination of the dermis into the bulb of the hair

48
Q

Where are hair matrix cells located?

A

Hair matrix cells line the dermal papilla

49
Q

What are the functions of the hair matrix cells?

A

Hair matrix cells proliferate, differentiate and keratinise into the three different layers of the hair as well as the internal and external root sheath

50
Q

What is the name of the zone in which hair matrix cells become keratinised?

A

Keratogenous zone

51
Q

What are the four phases of the hair growth cycle?

A

Anagen
Catagen
Telogen
Early anagen

52
Q

Describe briefly the anagen phase of the hair growth cycle

A

The anagen phase is the active growth phase where the hair matrix cells are mitotically active

53
Q

Describe briefly the catagen phase of the hair growth cycle

A

The catagen phase is the regressive phase where proliferation decreases

54
Q

Describe briefly the telogen phase of the hair growth cycle

A

The telogen phase is the quiescent phase where the hair is still anchored however cell proliferation has stopped

55
Q

Describe briefly the early anagen phase of the hair growth cycle

A

The early anagen phase is the phase in which a new hair is formed. Mitotic activity resumes, forcing the old hair to move towards the surface and eventually fall out

56
Q

What is the purpose of the blood filled sinus between the internal and external root sheath in tactile hairs?

A

The blood filled sinus amplifies sensory perception in tactile hairs

57
Q

What is sweat?

A

Sweat is an ultra-filtrate of the blood plasma secreted by sweat glands

58
Q

What are the three functions of sweat?

A

Thermoregulation
Excretion of metabolic waste
Scent signalling

59
Q

How can you tell the difference between the secretory portion and excretory ducts of sweat glands in histology?

A

Secretory portion has simple, cuboidal epithelium whereas the excretory ducts have two layers of cuboidal epithelium

60
Q

Which type of sweat glands have excretory ducts which open directly into hair follicles?

A

Apocrine sweat glands

61
Q

What is apocrine secretion?

A

Apocrine secretion is when the release of secretory materials leads to partial loss of the secretory cells

62
Q

Which type of sweat glands have excretory ducts which open directly onto the skin surface?

A

Eccrine sweat glands

63
Q

What is eccrine secretion?

A

Eccrine secretion is when the release of secretory materials leads to no loss of secretory cells

64
Q

What name is given to the terminal part of the eccrine sweat gland duct system?

A

Sweat pore

65
Q

What is the name of the secretion produced by sebaceous glands?

A

Sebum

66
Q

What are the three functions of sebum?

A

Waterproofing
Distribution of sweat
Suppleness of the underlying epidermis

67
Q

(T/F) Sebaceous excretory ducts empty directly into the hair follicle

A

TRUE.

68
Q

What is the secretory method used by sebaceous glands?

A

Holocrine secretion

69
Q

What is holocrine secretion?

A

Holocrine secretion is when the release of secretory materials leads to complete loss of secretory cells

70
Q

How can you recognise sebaceous glands in histology?

A

Sebaceous glands have pale staining secretory cells which have a ‘frog-spawn’ appearance

71
Q

What are specialised skin glands?

A

Specialised skin glands are localised accumulations of sweat and/or sebaceous glands

72
Q

What is an example of a specialised skin gland found in canine and feline species’?

A

Supercaudal gland

73
Q

What are the distinctive histological features of thin, hairy skin?

A

Thin epidermis
Increased adnexal features in the dermis
Smooth dermal-epidermal border

74
Q

What are the distinctive histological features of thick, hairless skin?

A

Thick, heavily keratinised epidermis
Interdigitated dermal-epidermal border
No hair follicles present

MODULE 7 - Skin and Bones (22 decks)

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