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MODULE 7 - Skin and Bones > ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three structural components that make up connective tissue?

A

Cells
Fibres
Ground substance

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2
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage

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3
Q

What are the two cell types found in cartilage?

A

Chondroblasts
Chondrocytes

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4
Q

What is the function of chondroblasts?

A

Chondroblasts produce the extracellular matrix (ECM) which makes up cartilage

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5
Q

What is the function of chondrocytes?

A

Chondrocytes maintain the extracellular matrix (ECM) which makes up cartilage

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6
Q

(T/F) Cartilage is a vascular connective tissue

A

FALSE. Cartilage is an avascular connective tissue

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7
Q

Which type of fibre is found in hyaline cartilage?

A

Type II collagen

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8
Q

Which type of proteoglycans are found in the hyaline cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM)?

A

Aggrecan proteoglycans

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9
Q

What is the function of aggrecan proteoglycans in the hyaline cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM)?

A

Aggregan proteoglycans provide hyaline cartilage with resistance to mechanical load through generating a swelling pressure

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10
Q

What are the two regions of the body where elastic cartilage is found?

A

Ear pinnae
Epiglottis

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11
Q

Which type of fibres are found in elastic cartilage?

A

Elastin
Type II collagen

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12
Q

Which type of fibre is found in fibrocartilage?

A

Type I collagen

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13
Q

What are the two methods of cartilage growth?

A

Appositional growth
Interstitial growth

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14
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

The perichondrium is a layer of connective tissue which covers the surface of cartilage which undergoes appositional growth

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15
Q

Describe briefly the process of appositional growth

A

Chondroblasts within the perichondrium produce extracellular matrix (ECM) along the existing surfaces of the cartilage causing the cartilage to expand and widen

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16
Q

Which types of cartilage undergo appositional growth?

A

Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage

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17
Q

What are isogenous groups?

A

Chondrocytes can be reactivated into their chondroblast form within the extracellular matrix (ECM) where they will divide to form daughter cells which form 2-4 cell clusters known as isogenous groups

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18
Q

Describe briefly the process of interstitial growth

A

Isogenous groups produce extracellular matrix (ECM) within the existing cartilage causing the cartilage to expand and widen

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19
Q

Which types of cartilage undergo interstitial growth?

A

Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage

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20
Q

Why is the articular hyaline cartilage of synovial joints incapable of undergoing appositional growth?

A

There is no layer of perichondrium covering the surface of articular hyaline cartilage in synovial joints due to the presence of synovial fluid - preventing the cartilage from undergoing appositional growth

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21
Q

What are the three functions of synovial fluid?

A

Lubrication
Anti-concussive function
Nutrient transport

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22
Q

What are the three components of synovial fluid?

A

Interstitial fluid
Hyaluronan
Lubricin

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23
Q

Which cell type produces the hyaluronic acid present in synovial fluid?

A

Synoviocytes

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24
Q

Which cell type produce the lubricin present in synovial fluid?

A

Chondrocytes

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25
Q

What colour and consistency should normal synovial fluid be?

A

Normal synovial fluid should have a viscous, egg-white like colour and consistency

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26
Q

List three changes in synovial fluid which can indicate joint pathology?

A

Cloudy synovial fluid
Blood in synovial fluid
Excess synovial fluid

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27
Q

What are the two layers of the synovium?

A

Intima
Subintima

28
Q

What are the two cell types found within the intima layer of the synovium?

A

Synoviocytes
Macrophages

29
Q

What are the two components which make up the subintima layer of the synovium?

A

Loose connective tissue
Capillaries

30
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A

Lamellar bone
Woven bone

31
Q

What are the two types of lamellar bone?

A

Compact bone
Trabecular bone

32
Q

What is the main difference between lamellar bone and woven bone?

A

Lamellar bone has a specific orientation of collagen fibres whereas woven bone has a random orientation of collagen fibres

33
Q

What are the three cell types found within bone?

A

Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

34
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts?

A

Osteoblasts produce the organic component of the extracellular matrix known as osteoid

35
Q

What is the function of osteocytes?

A

Osteocytes maintain the extracellular matrix (ECM)

36
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts?

A

Osteoclasts carry out enzymatic digestion of the extracellular matrix (ECM) which is essential for bone remodelling

37
Q

Which cell type are osteoclasts derived from?

A

Osteoclasts are derived from monocytes

38
Q

What are the four main components of the osteoid component of the bone extracellular matrix (ECM)?

A

Type I collagen
Chondroitin sulphate
Keratin sulphate
Osteocalcin

39
Q

What are the four main components of the inorganic component of the bone extracellular matrix (ECM)?

A

Hydroxyapatite crystals
Sodium (Na)
Magnesium (Mg)
Iron (Fe)

40
Q

Which type of lamellar bone makes up the walls of the diaphysis?

A

Compact bone

41
Q

What is the name of the membrane surrounding the outer surface of compact bone?

A

Periosteum

42
Q

What is the name of the membrane surrounding the inner surface of compact bone?

A

Endosteum

43
Q

Which cell type is found within the periosteum and endosteum?

A

Osteoblasts

44
Q

What are the main structural units of compact bone involved in compact bone remodelling?

A

Haversian systems

45
Q

Describe the structure of a Haversian system/osteon

A

Haversian systems consist of blood vessels within a central Haversian canal surrounded by concentric rings of mineralised extracellular matrix (ECM) known as lamellae. Osteocytes are contained between the lamellae in spaces known as lacunae

46
Q

What is the function of the blood vessels contained within the central Haversian canal?

A

Blood vessels within the central Haversian canal provide a blood supply to the osteocytes

47
Q

How do osteocytes within the mineralised extracellular matrix (ECM) communicate with adjacent osteocytes?

A

Cellular extensions known as canaliculi extend from the lacunae to form the lacunar-canalicular system which allows osteocytes to communicate with adjacent osteocytes

48
Q

What are Volkmann’s canals?

A

Volkmann’s canals are transverse canals formed from the inversion of periosteum and endosteum which connect adjacent Haversian systems

49
Q

Which type of lamellar bone makes up the epiphyses and metaphyses?

A

Trabecular bone

50
Q

Describe the basic structure of trabecular bone

A

Trabecular bone is made up of spicules covered in endosteum with haematopoietic tissue in between the spicules

51
Q

What are the two methods of skeletal development?

A

Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification

52
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

Intramembranous ossification is the formation of bone directly from osteogenic connective tissue

53
Q

Which two skeletal structures are formed due to intramembranous ossification?

A

Skull bones
Mandible

54
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

Endochondral ossification is the replacement of a hyaline cartilage template with bone

55
Q

Describe the six steps of endochondral ossification

A
  1. Chondrocytes in the centre of the hyaline cartilage template undergo hypertrophy and alter the content of the extracellular matrix (ECM) to enable mineralisation
  2. Hypertrophied chondrocytes secrete vascular endothelial cell growth factor to induce the sprouting of blood vessels from the perichondrium
  3. Chondrocytes undergo apoptosis due to decreased nutrient provisions as a consequence of extracellular matrix (ECM) mineralisation
  4. Blood vessels from the perichondrium invade and transport osteoprogeniter cells which form the periosteal collar and bud, and transport osteoblasts which deposit osteoid
  5. Primary centre of ossification forms in the diaphyseal region
  6. Cartilage continues to proliferate at either end of the bone. These proliferative regions become the epiphyseal growth plates
  7. After birth, this process repeats in the epiphyseal regions to form the secondary centres of ossification
56
Q

How do epiphyseal growth plates allow for bone growth after birth?

A

Epiphyseal growth plates allow for expansion of cartilage toward the epiphysis with simultaneous replacement of cartilage with bone at the diaphysial end of the growth plate

57
Q

What are the five zones of epiphyseal growth plates?

A

Resting zone
Proliferative zone
Hypertrophy zone
Apoptotic zone
Vascular invasion zone

58
Q

What occurs within the resting zone of epiphyseal growth plates?

A

Quiescent chondrocytes secure the epiphyseal plate to the secondary centre of ossification (i.e. the epiphysis)

59
Q

What occurs within the proliferative zone of epiphyseal growth plates?

A

Chondrocytes actively proliferate

60
Q

What occurs within the hypertrophy zone of epiphyseal growth plates?

A

Chondrocytes undergo hypertrophy which expands the epiphyseal growth plate towards the epiphysis - lengthening the bone. The hypertrophied chondrocytes also alter the content of the extracellular matrix (ECM) to enable mineralisation

61
Q

What occurs within the apoptotic zone of epiphyseal growth plates?

A

Chondrocytes undergo apoptosis due to decreased nutrient provisions as a consequence of extracellular matrix (ECM) mineralisation

62
Q

What occurs within the vascular invasion zone of epiphyseal growth plates?

A

Blood vessels from the diaphysis invade the spaces left behind by the apoptotic chondrocytes and transport osteoblasts which deposit osteoid within the remaining spaces between the mineralised extracellular matrix (ECM)

63
Q

What is bone remodelling?

A

Bone remodelling is the change of shape of bone in response to normal growth, altered mechanical use or disease

64
Q

Describe briefly the process of compact bone remodelling

A

Osteoclast precursors are recruited to the Haversian canal where they differentiate into osteoclasts and begin resorption of the lamellae. Osteoblasts reverse this resorption by depositing osteoid to form new lamellae. These osteoblasts eventually become trapped between the lamellae and differentiate into osteocytes - forming a new Haversian system

65
Q

How does trabecular bone remodelling differ from compact bone remodelling?

A

Trabecular bone remodelling occurs on the bone surface rather than within Haversian systems

MODULE 7 - Skin and Bones (22 decks)

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