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DH 150 - Anatomy Terminology > LO 8 > Flashcards

LO 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the tongue

A
  1. The tongue is an epithelial sac filled with muscles and connective tissue.
  2. referred to as skeletal muscles or voluntary striated muscles
  3. important potential lesion site and must be examined carefully
  4. aids in speech, mastication, taste and swallowing.
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2
Q

Describe the main sections of the tongue

A
  1. posterior 1/3 of the tongue is its base, which attaches to the floor of the mouth
  2. base of the tongue does not lie within the oral cavity, but within the oral part of the pharynx.
  3. anterior 2/3 of the tongue is termed the body and it lies within the oral cavity.
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3
Q

Describe the dorsal surface of the tongue

A
  1. Top part of the tongue.
  2. Part of your tongue you see when you open your mouth.
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4
Q

Describe the ventral surface of the tongue

A
  1. Undersurface of the tongue.
  2. Part of your tongue you see when you lift your tongue up to the palate.
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5
Q

Describe the lateral borders of the tongue

A

Sides of the tongue.

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6
Q

All tongue muscles are innervated by the ____________ cranial nerve.

A

hypoglossal XII

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7
Q

Describe intrinsic muscles of the tongue

A
  1. Those that start and end wholly within the tongue.
  2. They are groups of muscles that are named by their fiber direction and position within the tongue.
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8
Q

Describe extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A
  1. Start outside of the tongue and end within the tongue.
  2. They tend to change the position of the tongue, without necessarily changing the shape of the tongue.
  3. All of the extrinsic muscles have the term “glossus” in their name.
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9
Q

Describe the superior longitudinal intrinsic muscles of the tongue

A
  1. Runs from the front to the back (anterior to posterior) of the tongue and lies near the dorsum (top) of the tongue.
  2. When muscles contract the tongue is shortened making it thicker and wider.
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10
Q

Describe the inferior longitudinal intrinsic muscles of the tongue

A
  1. Run from the front to the back of the tongue and lies near the ventral (bottom) part of the tongue.
  2. Shorten the tongue.
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11
Q

Describe the transverse intrinsic muscles of the tongue

A
  1. Run from side to side.
  2. When contracted narrows the tongue making it longer.
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12
Q

Describe the vertical intrinsic muscles of the tongue

A
  1. Run from top to bottom (dorsal to ventral).
  2. When contracted flattens the tongue.
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13
Q

Describe the hyoglossus extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A
  1. Runs from the lateral sides of the hyoid bone up into the lateral edges or borders of the tongue.
  2. Pull the lateral borders down onto the floor of the mouth.
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14
Q

Describe the Styloglossus extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A
  1. Runs from the styloid process down and forward into the lateral borders of the tongue and blends with the hyoglossus.
  2. Pulls the tongue backward and slightly upward
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15
Q

Describe the Palatoglossus extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A
  1. Runs from the anterior soft palate down and slightly forward into the lateral borders of the tongue.
  2. Elevates the posterior part of the tongue and pulls it slightly backward.
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16
Q

Describe the Genioglossus extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A
  1. Originates from superior genial tubercles to the midline of the tongue from tip to base.
  2. Protrusion, retrusion and depression.
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17
Q

Describe the median lingual sulcus

A
  1. Midline depression on the dorsum of the tongue.
  2. Presence and depth vary.
  3. Additional deep depressions are called fissures; when we see this we call it a fissured tongue.
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18
Q

Describe the sulcus terminalis

A
  1. Found farther posteriorly on the tongue and difficult to visualize
  2. V shaped groove
  3. Separates the base from the body of the tongue
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19
Q

Describe the foramen cecum

A

Small pit-like depression where the sulcus terminalis separates the base from the body of the tongue.

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20
Q

Describe the Circumvallate or Vallate Papillae

A
  1. Inverted v shaped row of circular raised papillae at the back of the tongue.
  2. About 13 elevations in the v
  3. Divides the anterior 2/3 from the posterior 1/3
  4. Function in taste sensation of bitter.
  5. Salivary glands located beneath these taste buds (glands of Von Ebner) serve to wash the papillae clean, making them ready to perceive new taste.
21
Q

Describe fungiform papillae

A
  1. Mushroom-shaped, red to dark brown elevations scattered over the anterior third of the dorsum of the tongue.
  2. In darker-skinned individuals these may contain melanin pigmentation.
  3. Function in taste sensations of sweet, sour and salt.
22
Q

Describe filiform papillae

A
  1. Anterior 2/3 of the tongue.
  2. Tiny fringe-like projections of parakeratinized to keratinized epithelium.
  3. No taste function.
  4. Provide tactile sensation or the ability to know that something is on the tongue.
  5. Readily collect plaque and stain.
  6. When papillae are very long called hairy tongue.
  7. When papillae are very short area becomes smooth (glossitis). Occurs in a # of diseases and nutrition deficiencies.
  8. Moving patches devoid of these papillae is called a geographic tongue.
23
Q

Describe foliate papillae

A
  1. Vertical ridges on the lateral borders of the tongue.
  2. Back in the area of the circumvallate papillae.
  3. Function in taste sensation of sour.
  4. Area that can become irritated and reddened.
  5. May be a site of precancerous or cancerous findings (white or red areas, ulcers, masses, pigmentations).
24
Q

Describe the lingual tonsils

A
  1. Mass of lymphoid tissue on the base of the tongue, posterior to the circumvallate papillae.
  2. Provide defense mechanism for infection in that area.
  3. Difficult to observe; extend and move the tongue to the right and left to examine.
25
Q

Describe the lingual frenum

A
  1. Thin fold of epithelium attaching the under surface of the tongue to the floor of the mouth.
  2. A short frenum limits movement (ankyloglossia, tongue-tied) and makes exposing of radiographs and taking impressions difficult.
26
Q

Describe the sublingual folds

A
  1. Two ridges of tissue on the floor of the mouth arranged in a V – shaped direction, from the lingual frenum to the base of the tongue.
  2. Contains Wharton’s duct from the submandibular (also called submaxillary) salivary gland; and the Bartholin and Rivinis ducts and openings of the sublingual salivary glands
  3. Limited amounts of mixed saliva secreted here.
27
Q

Describe the sublingual caruncle

A
  1. Round elevation of the floor of the mouth on either side of the lingual frenum.
  2. Contains the opening for Wharton’s ducts.
  3. Wharton’s duct carries large amounts of saliva from the submandibular salivary gland.
28
Q

Describe lingual veins

A
  1. Blue line on the under surface of the tongue on either side of the lingual frenum.
  2. With age this vein becomes more prominent in size and color; varicosities may be present.
29
Q

Describe the plica fimbriatae

A
  1. Fringe like projections on the under surface of the tongue, lateral to the lingual vein.
  2. May be darker colored with more melanin pigmentation.
30
Q

On the ventral surface of the tongue and the floor of the mouth in a client with __________ we will find the lingual frenum is attached too far forward toward the tip of the tongue and the client cannot touch the hard palate with the mouth open.

A

ankyloglossia or “tongue-tied”

31
Q

__________ are often found on the ventral surface of the tongue in an older client. These are dilated veins due to loss of elasticity and do not reflect any systemic condition.

A

Varicose veins

32
Q

Describe glands

A

A gland is a group of specialized cells that produce a substance used by other parts of the body. They can be:

  1. Endocrine – Ductless glands, whose function is to carry hormones internally to another organ (e.g. thyroid gland).
  2. Exocrine – Glands having ducts or tubes to carry secretions away to a body cavity or surface (e.g. salivary glands).
  3. Holocrine – Entire cell dies and the secretion is expelled when the cell membrane breaks up (e.g. sebaceous glands)
  4. Merocrine – Product passes through the cell wall (e.g. salivary glands).
33
Q

Describe Simple Tubular and Compound Tubuloalveolar glands

A
  1. Simple Tubular – have one straight tube
  2. Compound Tubuloalveolar – have numerous levels of branchery within its duct system.
34
Q

Describe the secretions of salivary glands

A
  1. Serous Secretions – Thin, watery, containing most of the digestive enzymes found in saliva.
  2. Mucous secretions – Thicker, viscous, fluid consisting mainly of carbohydrates.
  3. Seromucous (mixed) – Both serous and mucous cells
35
Q

What gland types are salivary glands?

A
  1. Exocrine
  2. Merocrine
  3. Compound tubuloalveolar
  4. Serous, mucous or mixed
36
Q

What are the functions of salivary glands?

A
  1. Produce saliva which mixes with food to make it easier to swallow.
  2. Saliva lubricates and cleanses the oral cavity.
  3. Helps with speech
  4. Helps break down starches into digestible carbohydrates.
  5. Buffers the PH to help control the carious lesion process (remineralization).
37
Q

Salivary flow is mainly controlled by __________ and __________ nerves of the parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system.

A
  1. VII facial
  2. IX glossopharyngeal
38
Q

Describe the parotid gland

A
  1. Located on the surface of the masseter muscle behind the ramus of the mandible, anterior and inferior to the ear.
  2. largest salivary gland, only produce 25% of the total salivary volume.
  3. Produces serous secretions.
  4. Ducts opposite maxillary second molar.
  5. Duct is called the parotid or Stensen’s duct.
  6. Many grape like clusters of cells.
  7. Innervated by the IX cranial nerve (glossopharyngeal)
  8. (Note: mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve innervates the buccal mucosa )
39
Q

Describe the submandibular (submaxillary) gland

A
  1. Located below and toward the posterior part of the body of the mandible.
  2. second largest salivary gland providing 60% to 65% of the total salivary volume.
  3. Produces mixed secretions (serous and mucous).
  4. Ducts run forward in floor of the mouth to open onto small elevation called sublingual caruncle.
  5. Duct is called submandibular or Wharton’s duct.
  6. Innervated by the fibers of the VII nerve (facial).
40
Q

Describe the Sublingual Salivary Gland

A
  1. Located in the sublingual fossa, anterior floor of the mouth next to mandibular canines.
  2. Smallest gland of the 3.
  3. Provides 10% of total salivary volume.
  4. Mixed secretions with mostly mucous cells.
  5. Has one major duct which opens with the submandibular duct (sublingual caruncle).
  6. Has several smaller ducts which open in a line along the sublingual fold (Bartholin and Rivinis Ducts).
  7. Innervated by VII (facial nerve).
41
Q

Describe the minor salivary glands

A
  1. Similar structure to major glands just smaller and have fewer branching.
  2. Major function is to keep the mucosa moist.
  3. Many clusters of these throughout the mouth each with its own duct opening.
  4. All innervated by VII facial nerve.
42
Q

Describe the labial minor salivary glands

A
  1. Located in the upper and lower lips.
  2. Mixed glands, mostly mucous.
43
Q

Describe the buccal minor salivary glands

A
  1. Located on the inner cheek.
  2. Mixed glands.
44
Q

Describe the palatal minor salivary glands

A
  1. Located in the soft palate and in the posterior and lateral parts of the hard palate.
  2. Mucous glands.
  3. There are no minor salivary glands in the anterior part of the hard palate to keep it moist - this is one of the reasons why it is keratinized.
45
Q

Describe the glossopalatine minor salivary glands

A
  1. Starting from the posterior lateral parts of the palate down into the anterior fold of tissue in front of the palatine tonsil.
  2. Mucous secretions
46
Q

Describe the lingual minor salivary glands

A

Anterior Lingual Glands
1. Located near the tip of the tongue.
2. Open onto the under surface of the tongue.
3. Mucous secretions.

Lingual Glands of Von Ebner
1. Located beneath the circumvallate papillae of the tongue.
2. Wash off the taste buds so that they perceive new taste.
3. Serous secretions.

Posterior Lingual Glands
1. Located around lingual tonsils, posterior third of the tongue.
2. Mucous secretions.

47
Q

All glands are controlled by the ___________ nervous system

A

autonomic (Parasympathetic).

48
Q

Describe Sjogren’s Syndrome

A
  1. Chronic, systemic autoimmune disorder.
  2. Involves salivary and lacrimal glands.
  3. Results in Xerostomia and xerophthalmia (dry eyes).
  4. Cause is unknown, evidence of a genetic influence.
  5. Mostly found in middle-aged females.
  6. Rarely occur in children.
  7. Most common associated disorder is rheumatoid arthritis.
  8. May complain of difficulty swallowing, altered taste or difficulty wearing dentures
  9. Fissured tongue and atrophy of papillae are common.
  10. Xerostomia, oral mucosa may be red and tender. Usually resulting from secondary candidiasis.
  11. Denture sores and angular chelitis are also common.
  12. They experience an increase in dental caries.
  13. Enlargement of salivary glands, usually bilaterally.
  14. Eyes may be affected as well.
  15. Skin of nasal and vaginal mucosa may also become dry.
  16. General malaise or fatigue.
49
Q

Describe the treatment for Sjogren’s Syndrome

A
  1. Mostly supportive in nature
  2. For dry eyes - Artificial tears
  3. Artificial saliva, sugar free gum, sugarless candy
  4. Meds to help stimulate saliva flow
  5. Give fluoride treatments
  6. Maybe antifungal therapy
  7. People with Sjogren’s are up to 40 times more likely to have lymphoma (Hodgkins) so follow up with physician.

DH 150 - Anatomy Terminology (15 decks)

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