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DH 150 - Anatomy Terminology > LO 6 - Anomalies > Flashcards

LO 6 - Anomalies Flashcards

1
Q

Define anomoly

A
  1. Something that is noticeably different or deviates from the ordinary - deviations of dental tissue (enamel, dentin, or cementum)
  2. Extreme variations or just slight deviations.
  3. Caused by one small variation or a multitude of things
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2
Q

List the intrinsic factors that cause dental anomalies

A
  1. Heredity (individual genetic makeup)
  2. Metabolic dysfunction
  3. Mutations
  4. Congenital (condition which occurs at or before birth)
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3
Q

List the extrinsic factors that cause dental anomalies

A
  1. Physical trauma
  2. Chemical trauma
  3. Biological agents
  4. Nutritional deficiencies
  5. Stress
  6. Habits
  7. Environmental conditions
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4
Q

Anomalies can result from a combination of ________ and ________ factors.

A
  1. Intrinsic
  2. Extrinsic
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5
Q

Define familial tendency

A
  1. A condition that shows some evidence of an inherited tendency but is inconclusive.
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6
Q

Define developmental anomaly

A
  1. Arises from a disruption in the stages of tooth development
  2. The extent of damage depends on when it occurred; the duration and nature of the assault
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7
Q

Define hereditary

A
  1. A condition occurs because of an individual’s genetic makeup.
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8
Q

Define congenital

A
  1. The condition occurs at or before birth.
  2. Sometimes hereditary, and sometimes not evident until years after birth.
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9
Q

Describe natural variations `

A
  1. Caused by intrinsic factors, such as heredity.
  2. e.g. Microdontia – teeth smaller than the normal range; Macrodontia – teeth larger than the normal range.
  3. Over all size
  4. Dimension
  5. Root numbers
  6. Root size
  7. Enamel pearls
  8. Amelogenesis imperfecta
  9. Dilaceration
  10. Dentinogenesis imperfecta
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10
Q

Describe acquired variations

A
  1. Result of some external factor after the tooth begins to develop.
  2. Examples: Enamel dysplasia, tetracycline staining, Hutchinson’s Incisors and Mulberry molars, hypercementosis, attrition, abrasion, erosion, caries.
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11
Q

Describe hyperdontia (supernumeraries)

A
  1. Not uncommon
  2. Extra tooth/teeth in the dentition which are abnormal in shape (not recognizable).
  3. Most commonly located in the midline and molar regions of the maxilla followed by the premolar region of the mandible.
  4. Maxillary supernumerary teeth outnumber mandibular teeth.
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12
Q

What are the 9 types of super numerary teeth?

A
  1. Mesiodens
  2. Distomolars
  3. Peridens
  4. Paramolars
  5. Supplemental
  6. Conical
  7. Tubercle
  8. Natal Tooth
  9. Neonatal Tooth
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13
Q

_________ are supernumerary teeth arising in the midline of maxillary anterior incisors. Small and peg like.

A

Mesiodens

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14
Q

________ are supernumerary teeth found distal to maxillary third molars (also called fourth molars).

A

Distomolars

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15
Q

________ are supernumerary teeth found in the premolar area (uncommon).

A

Peridens

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16
Q

_________ are supernumerary teeth located buccal or lingual to a molar (usually small and rudimentary).

A

Paramolars

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17
Q

_________ are supernumerary teeth that resemble a normal tooth.

A

Supplemental

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18
Q

________ are supernumerary teeth that are cone-shaped.

A

Conical

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19
Q

________ are supernumerary teeth that are very small

A

Tubercle

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20
Q

_________ are supernumerary teeth that erupt before birth

A

Natal

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21
Q

_________ are supernumerary teeth that erupt shortly after birth

A

Neonatal

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22
Q

Describe hypodontia (anodontia)

A
  1. Congenital absence of teeth.
  2. Total anodontia exists if no teeth are present at all.
  3. Partial anodontia exists if less than normal number of teeth are present.
  4. It may involve the permanent dentition, the primary dentition, or both.
23
Q

What is oligodontia?

A
  1. A rare genetic disorder
  2. Congenital absence of more than six teeth in primary, permanent or both dentitions
  3. Usually a part of a syndrome
  4. If the primary teeth are congenitally missing, their permanent replacements will also be absent
  5. Most commonly missing permanent teeth are the third molars (max. more often than mand.), then the permanent maxillary lateral incisors and third, the permanent mandibular second premolar.
  6. The least likely teeth to be congenitally missing are the canines.
24
Q

Describe gemination (gemmate tooth)

A
  1. Tooth attempts to divide itself by splitting a tooth germ.
  2. A developmental anomaly.
  3. Usually only partially split.
  4. Usually have a single root and a common pulp canal.
  5. A tooth split into two crowns with one root is called a “bifid” tooth or a bifurcated crown.
  6. Seen mostly in anterior teeth and most commonly in primary dentition.
25
Q

Describe odontoma

A
  1. A tumerous anomaly of calcified dental tissues
  2. Can be complex which consists of one mass of dental tissue in a large blob or unspecified shape.
  3. Can be compound which consist of several small masses that resemble rudimentary teeth
26
Q

Describe dens in dente

A
  1. A tooth within a tooth.
  2. Occurs when the outer surface of a tooth turns itself inward prior to mineralization.
  3. Most commonly found on the lingual of maxillary lateral incisors.
27
Q

Describe dilaceration

A
  1. Tooth that has a sharp bend or curve in the root or crown.
  2. Appears as though the tooth suddenly bent under pressure.
28
Q

Describe dwarfed roots

A
  1. Roots of the teeth are extremely short.
29
Q

Describe fusion

A
  1. Two adjacent tooth germs unite.
  2. May be joined by their crown, root or along the entire length of the tooth.
  3. Fusion must be made at the dentin.
30
Q

Describe concrescence

A
  1. Type of fusion that occurs AFTER the roots have formed.
  2. Occurs sometimes as a result of trauma.
  3. Roots fuse at cementum.
  4. Maxillary molar region.
31
Q

Describe hypercementosis

A
  1. Deposition of excessive amounts of secondary cementum usually at the apex of the root or along the entire length of the root.
  2. Caused by trauma during root development ( ie. chronic infection disease, hyperpituitarism).
32
Q

Describe cementoma

A
  1. Hypercementosis that is also associated with localized destruction of the bone.
  2. Looks like a little ball at the end of the root in radiographs
33
Q

Describe Hutchinson’s Incisors

A
  1. Notched incisors, sometimes called screwdriver shaped
  2. Formed as a result of prenatal syphilis
34
Q

Describe Mulberry Molars

A
  1. Characteristic of congenital syphilis.
  2. Irregular shaped molars with poorly formed cusps.
35
Q

Describe enamel pearls

A
  1. Small masses of excess enamel on the surface of the teeth located apically to the CEJ.
  2. They are found at the bifucation or trifurcation area ( formed by a small misplaced group of ameloblasts).
36
Q

Describe talon cusps

A
  1. Extra well -delineated cusp found on the lingual surfaces of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth.
  2. Has well-developed enamel and dentin but varying levels of pulp tissue.
37
Q

Describe enamel dysplasia

A
  1. Abnormal enamel development.
  2. Insult to ameloblasts during tooth formation.
  3. Factors which may cause this - Trauma; Systemic (disease, nutritional,deficiencies, excess fluoride); Hereditary
38
Q

What conditions cause defects in enamel production?

A
  1. Inflammation
  2. Vitamin deficiencies
  3. Microbial infections
  4. Trauma
  5. Excessive fluoride ingestion
  6. Resultant extent and appearance of defect depends on the duration and stage when the disruption occurs
39
Q

Describe enamel hypoplasia

A
  1. Caused by incomplete or defective formation of enamel
  2. May leave small pits or grooves at different levels of the crown.
  3. Local disturbance in the enamel formation.
  4. Due to inflammation, fever, systemic disease.
40
Q

Describe Enamel Hypocalcification

A
  1. Condition that inhibits the calcification of enamel.
  2. Spotting of the enamel surface.
41
Q

Describe Enamel Fluorosis

A
  1. Discoloration of enamel caused by an excessive amount of fluoride in the tooth structure.
  2. Can range from small white flecks to large opaque areas to brownish spots sometimes with pits (mottled enamel).
  3. This can occur naturally from well water with excess amounts of fluoride .
  4. Or can also occur accidentally by a child taking vitamins with fluoride, fluoride mouthwashes, or fluoride supplements either in excess or in combination with fluoridated water.
42
Q

Describe Amelogenesis Imperfecta

A
  1. Developmental anomaly related to hypocalcification
  2. Resulting from heredity factors
  3. Partial or total malformation of enamel. The dentin and pulp of these teeth develop normally
  4. Enamel is thin and stained various shades of yellow and brown.
  5. Fracture easily.
  6. Usually enamel of permanent and deciduous teeth is affected.
43
Q

Describe Turner’s Tooth

A
  1. Hypocalcification of a single tooth.
  2. Usually maxillary incisors.
  3. Occurs if a developing permanent tooth is affected by a local infection or trauma.
  4. Either bacteria or trauma disturbs the ameloblastic layer, which results in a hypoplasia of the enamel.
44
Q

Describe Dentinogenesis Imperfecta

A
  1. Hereditary dentinal developmental abnormality.
  2. Dentin is coloured gray, brown or yellow.
  3. Tooth has an unusual translucent hue.
  4. Pulp chambers and root canals are completely filled with dentin.
  5. This total obliteration of the pulp tissue occurs because the dentinal tissue continues to form dentin until all of the root canal and pulp chambers are completely filled.
  6. Teeth prone to rapid wear and dentinal hypersensitivity
  7. Tx - Porcelain fused to metal crown
45
Q

Describe Dentin Dysplasia

A
  1. Enamel does not easily chip away.
  2. Teeth exhibit normal color and little evidence of attrition.
  3. Show retarded root formation and lack of supporting bone.
  4. Serious periodontal implications because of the lack of periodontal support.
  5. Referral to periodontist is recommended.
46
Q

Describe Tetracycline Staining

A
  1. Dentinal developmental condition.
  2. Occurs when an expectant mother or a young child with tooth crowns that are still developing takes the antibiotic tetracycline
  3. The teeth of the developing fetus or the young child discolor, ranging from yellow to brown or a grayish blue.
47
Q

Describe taurdontism

A
  1. Bull- like teeth
  2. Inherited and genetically determined.
  3. Pulp chambers are much larger.
48
Q

Define acquired tooth damage and list the types

A
  1. Caused by any process that results in a loss of the integrity of the tooth surface.
  2. Atrtition, abrasion, erosion, abfraction, tooth fractures
49
Q

Describe attrition

A
  1. Tooth to tooth wear of the dentition.
  2. Caused by bruxism, grinding, or clenching.
50
Q

Describe abrasion

A
  1. Tooth wear due to a foreign substance.
  2. Commonly seen as a result of traumatic tooth brushing.
  3. Coarse diet
  4. Pipe smokers, seamstresses, fingernail biters
51
Q

Describe erosion

A
  1. Loss of tooth surface as a result of chemical agents
  2. Anorexia, bulimia
  3. Sucking lemons, holding cough drops or candies in the mucobuccal fold.
52
Q

Describe abfraction

A
  1. Cervical stress lesion that is manifested as a V or wedge -shaped defect at the CEJ.
  2. Due to eccentrically applied occlusal forces which causes tooth flexure resulting in cervical wear.
53
Q

Describe tooth fractures

A
  1. Range from small chips to breaks that penetrate deeply into the tooth.
  2. Small chips can be polished.
  3. Teeth may not be restorable and require removal.

DH 150 - Anatomy Terminology (15 decks)

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