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YEAR 2 SEMESTER 2 ANATOMY > Liver Week 7 FINISHED > Flashcards

Liver Week 7 FINISHED Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest gland of the body?

A

The liver

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2
Q

What is a gland?

A

An organ with specialised cells which seceret or excrete materials

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3
Q

How much does the liver weigh?

A

Approx 1500g

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4
Q

How many lobes does the liver have? How many lobules are contained within each lobe?

A

4 lobes, each with 100,000 lobules

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5
Q

Functionally how many parts does the liver have? Are they dependant on each other?

A

2, right and left. They are independent of each other

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6
Q

What is the blood supply for the right and left parts of the liver?

A

Each has its own blood supply from the hepatic artery (divides into right and left hepatic arteries before entering the liver) and the portal vein and its own venous drainage and biliary drainage.

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7
Q

What are the main functions of the liver?

A

Production of bile.
Stores glycogen (storage form of glucose).
Secretion of glucose, proteins, vitamins and fats.

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8
Q

What is the location of the liver? Refer in terms of both quadrants and 9 areas.

A

Upper right quadrant and part of the upper left.
Occupies almost all the right hypochondrium and the greater part of the epigastrium. May even extend into left hypochondrium.

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9
Q

Where is the liver in reference to the diaphragm?

A

Inferior to the diaphragm.

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10
Q

How many surfaces does the liver have? What are they called and where are they?

A

Diaphragmatic surface (anterior, superior and some posterior)

Visceral surface (posterior and inferior)

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11
Q

Describe the diaphragmatic surface of the liver.

A

Smooth, dome shaped, convex and is related to the concavity of the inferior aspect of the diaphragm.

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12
Q

Does the diaphragmatic surface of the liver have peritoneum?

A

It is covered with peritoneum except for the posterior surface, where there is a bare area of the liver which is in contact with the diaphragm.

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13
Q

Describe the visceral surface of the liver

A

It is covered in peritoneum except near the gall bladder and where vessels and ducts enter and leave.

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14
Q

What are the relations of the liver?

A 
The right side of the anterior part of the stomach. 
The superior part of the duodenum. 
The gall bladder. 
The right colic flexure. 
The right transverse colon. 
The right kidney. 
The right supra renal gland. 
The lesser omentum
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15
Q

Describe the lesser omentum, where is connects, its ligaments, what the portal triad is and where it is.

A

Double fold of peritoneum which connects the lesser curvature of the stomach and the proximal duodenum to the liver.

A thickened region on the free edge known as the hepatoduodenal ligament.

Encloses the portal triad (portal triad = bile duct, hepatic artery and portal vein), lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, the hepatic plexus of nerves.

The remainder of the lesser omentum is sheet like and called hepatogastric ligament

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16
Q

What is the porta hepatis?

A

A transverse fissure on the visceral surface of the liver/hilum. It gives passage to the portal vein, hepatis artery, hepatic nerve plexus, the hepatic ducts, and lymphatic vessels

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17
Q

What are the peritoneal ligaments?

A

Double folds of peritoneum which connect an organ with another organ or to the abdo wall.

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18
Q

What is the falciform ligament and where does it connect?

A

It is a ligament which connects the liver to the abdominal wall and the diaphragm

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19
Q

Where is the round ligament of the liver?

A

It is contained within the free edge of the falciform ligament (ligamentum teres)

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20
Q

What was the round ligament before birth? What did it do?

A

The umbilical vein which carried oxygenated and nutrient rich blood from the placenta to the foetus. After birth it becomes a fibrous remnant.

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21
Q

What is ligamentum venosum? What was it before birth?

A

It connects the left portal vein to the IVC. Before birth it was called the ductus venosum. After birth it becomes a fibrous remnant.

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22
Q

What 3 ligaments divide the liver into right and left lobes?

A

Falciform ligament, round ligament, ligamentum venosum

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23
Q

What are the triangular ligaments?

A

Peritoneal folds at the extreme right and left limits of the attachment of the liver to the diaphragm.

24
Q

What is the coronary ligament?

A

The peritoneal reflexion from the bare area of the liver to the diaphragm.

25
Q

What is the blood supply for the liver and what is the % of supply from these?

A

Portal vein 70% (blood from abdo part of the GI tract, pancreas, liver, spleen, gall bladder). Hepatic artery 30% - branch of the celiac artery.

26
Q

What is the portal vein formed by?

A

The SMV and the splenic vein when they form behind the junction between the head and the neck of the pancreas.

27
Q

Where do both of the arteries supplying the liver with blood divide and what do they divide into?

A

Both vessels (portal vein and hepatic artery) divide into left and right branches as they enter the the liver, which then supply the corresponding parts of the liver.

28
Q

Where do the hepatic veins open into the IVC?

A

Just inferor to the diaphragm.

29
Q

How much of the lymph received by the thoracic duct is produced in the liver?

A

1/4 to 1/2

30
Q

What is the nervous supply of the liver?

A

Hepatic plexus:

SNS = T5-9

PSNS = vagus

31
Q

What is bile, where is it made and where is it stored?

A

Bile is involved in the digestion of fat. It is made in the liver but stored in the gall bladder

32
Q

What is the function of the gall bladder?

A

It stored bile and also concentrates it by absorbing salfs and water. It then send bile to the duodenum via the cystic and bile ducts when food arrives in the duodenum.

33
Q

What cells produce bile? Where do they excrete the bile into? What then happens to the bile?

A

Hepatocytes produce bile and secrete it into the bile canaliculi formed between the hepatocytes.
These canaliculi then drain into smaller interlobular biliary ducts and then drain into larger ducts.
They then drain into left and right hepatic ducts, which then drain the left and right lobes of the liver respectively.

34
Q

Where do the right and left hepatic ducts of the liver drain the bile into? What is the pathway of the bile from there?

A

Right and left hepatic ducts -> common hepatic duct

common helatic duct + cystic duct = bile duct -> drains into the duodenum

35
Q

What does cystic mean?

A

Fluid filled sac eg bladder or gall bladder

36
Q

What is the size, shape, capacity and location of the gallbladder.

A

Pear shaped
7-10cm long
50ml capacity and lies in the gall bladder fossa on the visceral surface of the liver.

37
Q

Is the gall bladder covered with peritoneum?

A

Yes

38
Q

What are the 3 parts of the gall bladder?

A

The funds, the body and the neck

39
Q

Describe the fundus of the gall bladder

A

The wide end, which projects from the inferior border of the liver. It usually sits at the level of the Right costal cartilage in the mid clavicular line.

40
Q

Describe the body of the gall bladder

A

It is in contact with the visceral surface of the liver

41
Q

Describe the neck of the gall bladder

A

It is a narrow tapered region, which makes an S shaped bend and is continuous with the cystic duct.

42
Q

How long is the cystic duct and what does it connect?

A

It is 4cm long and connects the neck of the gall bladder to the common hepatic duct

43
Q

Where does the cystic duct pass in relation to the lesser omentum?

A

It passes between the layers of the lesser omentum

44
Q

What is the arterial supply of the gall bladder and the cystic duct?

A

Cystic artery

45
Q

What is the venous drainage of the gall bladder and the cystis duct?

A

They drain directly into the liver, or they drain via the portal vein

46
Q

What is the nerve supply to the gall bladder and cystic duct?

A

PSNS: vagus.
SNS: T5-9,
Sensory = right phrenic nerve

47
Q

Where is the bile duct formed?

A

In the free edge of the lesser omentum

48
Q

What is the bile duct formed by?

A

The union of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct

49
Q

How long is the bile duct?

A

5-15cm long

50
Q

Where does the bile duct descend?

A

Posterior to the first part of the duodenum

51
Q

In which organ is there a groove which accomodates for the bile duct?

A

The pancreas (more specifically the head of the pancreas)

52
Q

What is the function of the sphincter of the bile duct?

A

When the sphincter contracts, bile cannot enter the hepatopancreatic ampulla or duodenum. As a result there is a backup of bile which passes along the cystic duct to the gall bladder for storage and concentration.

53
Q

What does the bile duct unite with and what do they form?

A

It unites with the pancreatic duct to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla or duct.

54
Q

Where does the hepatopancreatic duct/ampulla open into?

A

The 2nd part of the duodenum throuhg the major duodenal papilla

55
Q

What is the arterial supply of the bile duct?

A

Cystic artery (supplies the proximal part of the duct and is a branch of the right hepatic artery).

Also supplied by the right hepatic artery which supplies the middle part of the duct.

The retroduodenal/distal part of the duct is supplied by the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery and gastroduodenal artery.

56
Q

What is the venous drainage of the bile duct?

A

Proximal part of the bile duct and hepatic ducts usually enter the liver directly.
Distally, the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal vein empty into the portal vein or tributary

YEAR 2 SEMESTER 2 ANATOMY (21 decks)

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