lipids Flashcards
Examples/Classification of Lipids
FIXED OILS
FATS
WAXES
FATTY ACIDS
Are esters of long-chain fatty acids and alcohols or of closely related derivatives.
LIPIDS
Are soluble in non-polar organic solvents and generally insoluble in water.
LIPIDS
Medical/Pharmaceutical Uses of Lipids
- EMOLLIENT
- VEHICLES FOR MEDICATION
- THERAPEUTIC PROPERTY
- ENTERAL AND PARENTERAL NUTRITION
Uses of Lipids in Industries
SOAPS
PAINTS
Glycerol combine with Fatty Acids
FIXED OILS AND FATS
High mol. wt. alcohol (Cetyl alcohol) combined with Fatty acids
WAXES
Fixed Oils and Fats are obtained from:
PLANTS: PEANUT OIL OR OLIVE OIL
ANIMAL: LARD
Primary function of Fixed Oils and Fats
FOOD (ENERGY) STORAGE
Important products used pharmaceutically, industrially and as
food
FIXED OILS AND FATS
May occur in various parts of the plants, but as a general rule in seeds.
VEGETABLE OILS AND FATS
It may contain larger quantities and the usual sources of fixed oils.
SEEDS
Examples of Seeds (Vegetable Oils and Fats)
CASTOR SEED
COTTON SEED
SESAME SEED
COCONUT
HEMP SEED
ALMOND SEED
LINSEED
Fixed Oils are sometimes classified as:
DRYING OILS
SEMI-DRYING OILS
NON-DRYING OILS
It May also be of plant and animal origin
WAXES
Liquid at normal temperature
FIXED OILS AND FATS
Are semi-solid to solid at ordinary temperature
WAXES
Principal constituents of many drugs
FIXED OILS AND FATS
There are no chemical differences of Fixed Oils and Fats of plants or animal origin
Most Vegetable Oils are liquid at ordinary temperature except:
COCOA BUTTER - SOLID VEGETABLE OIL
Most Animal Fats are solid Except:
COD LIVER OIL - LIQUID ANIMAL FAT
Fixed Oils and Fats of Vegetative Origin are obtained by:
EXPRESSION IN HYDRAULIC PRESSES
Virgin/Cold Pressed Oil
COLD
Hot-pressed Oil
HOT
These are separated from other tissues by rendering with steam or without steam.
ANIMAL FATS
Examples of Saturated Fixed Oils
COCONUT OIL
PALM OIL
PALM KERNEL OIL
Examples of Monosaturated Fixed Oils
CASTOR OIL
OLIVE OIL
RAPESEED OIL
PEANUT OIL
Examples of Polyunsaturated Fixed Oils
ALMOND OIL
CORN OIL
COTTONSEED OIL
COD LIVER OIL
LINSEED OIL
PERSIC OIL
SOYBEAN OIL
SESAME OIL
SAFFLOWER OIL
SUNFLOWER OIL
Fats and Related Compounds
THEOBROMA OIL - COCOA BUTTER/CACAO BUTTER
LANOLIN - HYDROUS WOOLFAT
ANHYDROUS LANOLIN - WOOLFAT
HYDROGENATED VEGETABLE OILS
LARD
Are esters resulting from the condensation of high molecular weight, straight-chain acids and alcohols.
WAXES
Well-known Waxes
BEESWAX
CARNAUBA WAX
SPERMACETI
General Uses of Waxes
▪ Hardens ointments and creams
▪ Preparation of Cerates
▪ Protective coatings in industry and art.
Waxes in Plants
CARNAUBA WAX
BAYBERRY WAX
Waxes in Insects
BEESWAX
LACWAX
Waxes in Other Animals
SPERMACETI
It has No C-C double bonds
The presence of double bonds in fatty acids significantly lowers the melting point relative to a saturated fatty acid.
SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
Saturated fatty acids of less than eight carbon atoms are ____ at physiological temperature, whereas those containing more than ten are ___.
LIQUID; SOLID
Examples of Saturated Fatty Acids
LAURIC ACID
ARACHIDIC ACID
MYRISTIC ACID
PALMITIC ACID
STEARIC ACID
▪ With double bonds
▪ Oxygen saturates the double bonds to form oxides that may polymerize to form hard films (important in film industry)
UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
Double bonds also take up hydrogen in the proper conditions producing semi-solid fats that are used extensively as ____
COOKING FATS AND SHORTENING
It refers to the number of mg of KOH required to saponify the esters contained in 1 g of the substance.
ESTER VALUE
Fixed Oils are classified based on their ability to absorb oxygen from the air: Drying oils, Semi- drying oils, and Non-drying Oils
UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
It refers to the number of mg of KOH required to neutralized the free acids and saponify the esters contained in 1 g of the substance is equal to the sum of Acid Value and Ester Value.
SAPONIFICATION VALUE
It refers to the number of mg of KOH required to neutralize the free acids contained in 1 g of the substance.
ACID VALUE/ACID NUMBER
It refers to the number of grams of Iodine absorbed, under prescribed conditions, by 100 g of the substance.
IODINE VALUE
Examples of Drying Oils (Fixed Oils)
▪ Castor seed
▪ Croton seed
▪ Linseed
▪ Candle nut
▪ Physic nut
Examples of Non-Drying Oils (Fixed Oils)
▪ Cashew nut
▪ Coconut
▪ Cottonseed
▪ Cacao seed
▪ Olive seed
▪ Peanut
▪ Sesame seed
▪ Sweet almond seed
Examples of Fats and Waxes
▪ Honey
▪ Entada
▪ Horse-radish tree
▪ Squash
▪ Lard
▪ Spermaceti
▪ White wax
▪ Woolfat
