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alkaloids Flashcards

1
Q

Are extremely difficult to define for they do not represent a homogenous group of compounds either from the chemical, biochemical or physiologic point of view.

A

ALKALOIDS

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2
Q

Alkaloids are Naturally occurring chemical compounds containing ____

A

BASIC NITROGEN ATOMS

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3
Q

These are Usually classified according to the nature of the basic chemical structures from which they are derived.

A

ALKALOIDS

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4
Q

All do occur in plants which have been the rich sources.

A

ALKALOIDS

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5
Q

Some alkaloids are found in animals and practically all have been reproduced by chemical synthesis. Give examples

A

BACTERIA
FUNGI
FROGS
INSECTS

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6
Q

Alkaloids usually have __ taste

A

BITTER

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7
Q

By agreement, chemical rules designate that the name of alkaloids should end in ____

A

INE

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8
Q

The term ____ is commonly used to designate basic heterocyclic nitrogenous compounds of plant origin that are physiologically active.

A

ALKALOID (ALKALI-LIKE)

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9
Q

Some alkaloids are not basic. Give examples.

A

COLCHICINE
PIPERINE
QUATERNARY

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10
Q

The nitrogen in some alkaloids is
not a heterocyclic ring. Give examples.

A

COLCHICINE
EPHEDRINE
MESCALINE

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11
Q

Derived from amino acids and have nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring.

A

TRUE/TYPICAL ALKALOIDS (Ex. Atropine)

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12
Q

Derived from amino acids and do not have nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring.

A

PROTO-ALKALOIDS (Ex. Ephedrine)

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13
Q

Not derived from amino acids but have nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring.

A

PSEUDO-ALKALOIDS (Ex. Caffeine)

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14
Q

Non-alkaloids that gives false positive reaction with alkaloidal reagents.

A

FALSE ALKALOIDS

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15
Q

Types of Alkaloids:

A

TRUE/TYPICAL ALKALOIDS
PROTO-ALKALOIDS
PSEUDO-ALKALOIDS
FALSE ALKALOIDS

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16
Q

Are cyclic organic compounds containing nitrogen in negative state of oxidation with limited distribution among living organisms.

A

ALKALOIDS

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17
Q

Alkaloids are rare in lower plants.

A

TRUE

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18
Q

Monocots are more rich in alkaloids than dicots.

A

FALSE

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19
Q

Examples of Monocot plants with Alkaloids:

A

AMARYLLIDACEAE
LILIACEAE

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20
Q

Examples of Families free from Alkaloids:

A

ROSACEAE
LABIATAE

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21
Q

Examples of Families rich in Alkaloids:

A

APOCYNACEAE
BERBERIDACEAE
PAPAVERACEAE
RANUNCULACEAE
RUBIACEAE
SOLANACEAE

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22
Q

Functions as poisonous agent protecting the plant against insects and hervibores due to its bitterness and toxicity.

A

ALKALOIDS

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23
Q

Functions as end product of detoxification reaction representing a metabolic locking-up of compounds otherwise harmful to the plants – waste products.

A

ALKALOIDS

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24
Q

Functions as regulatory growth factor in certain metabolic systems.

A

ALKALOIDS

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25
Q

Utilized as source of energy in case of deficiency in carbon dioxide assimilation.

A

ALKALOIDS

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26
Q

Reserved the substance capable of supplying nitrogen or other necessary elements to the plant’s economy – Sources of nitrogen in case of nitrogen deficiency.

A

ALKALOIDS

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27
Q

Parts used in Datura

A

ALL PARTS

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28
Q

Parts used in Tobacco

A

LEAVES

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29
Q

Parts used in Cinchona

A

BARKS

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30
Q

Parts used in Belladonna and Aconite

A

ROOTS

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31
Q

Parts used in Black Pepper

A

FRUITS

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32
Q

Parts used in Areca, Nux vomica, and Physostigma

A

SEEDS

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33
Q

Parts used in Ipecac and Hydrastis

A

RHIZOMES AND ROOTS

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34
Q

Parts used in Opium

A

LATEX

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35
Q

Parts used in Ergot

A

FUNGI

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36
Q

Examples of obtaining names of alkaloids from the Generic Name of the plant yielding them.

A

ATROPINE - ATROPA
HYDRASTINE - HYDRASTIS

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37
Q

Examples of obtaining names of alkaloids from the Specific name of the plants yielding them

A

COCAINE - COCA
BELLADONINE - BELLADONNA

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38
Q

Examples of obtaining names of alkaloids from the Common Name of the plant yielding them.

A

ERGOTAMINE - ERGOT

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39
Q

Examples of obtaining names of alkaloids from their physiologic activity

A

EMETINE
MORPHINE

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40
Q

Example of obtaining names of alkaloids from the discoverer

A

PELLETIERINE - PELLETIER

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41
Q

Sometimes, a prefix or suffix is added to the name of a principal alkaloid to designate another alkaloid from the same source. Give examples.

A

QUININE
QUINIDINE
HYDROQUINIDINE

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42
Q

Forms of Alklaoids

A

FREE BASES
SALTS WITH ORGANIC ACIDS
SALTS WITH INORGANIC ACIDS
SALTS WITH SPECIAL ACIDS
GLYCOSIDAL FORM

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43
Q

Examples of Salts with Organic Acids

A

OXALIC ACID
ACETIC ACID

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44
Q

Examples of salts with inorganic acids

A

HYDROCHLORIC ACID
SULFURIC ACID

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45
Q

Examples of Salts with special acids

A

MECONIC ACID - OPIUM
QUINIC ACID - CINCHONA

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46
Q

Examples of Glycosidal Form

A

SOLANINE - SOLANUM

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47
Q

Insoluble or sparingly soluble in water.

A

ALKALOIDS

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48
Q

Are freely soluble in water.

A

SALTS WITH ACIDS

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49
Q

Free alkaloids are soluble in ___

A

ETHER
ALCOHOL
CHLOROFORM
OTHER RELATIVELY NONPOLAR, MISCIBLE SOLVENTS

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50
Q

These are insoluble.

A

ALKALOIDAL SALTS

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51
Q

Most alkaloids are crystalline solids – often a useful means of microscopic identification.

A
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52
Q

Few alkaloids are amorphous.

A
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53
Q

Alkaloids Form double-salts with compounds of___,____,____, and other heavy metals.

A

MERCURY (Hg)
GOLD (Au)
PLATINUM (Pt)

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54
Q

The double salts are usually obtained as precipitates and many of them are microcrystallographically characteristics.

A
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55
Q

Example of amorphous solids

A

EMETINE

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56
Q

Some are liquids that are either volatile and non volatile. Give examples.

A

VOLATILE - NICOTINE AND CONIINE
NON VOLATILE - PILOCARPINE AND HYOSCINE

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57
Q

Examples of color yellow alkaloids

A

COLCHICINE
BERBERINE

58
Q

Example of orange alkaloid

59
Q

Example of copper red alkaloid

A

SALTS OF SANGUINARINE

60
Q

Both alkaloidal bases and their salts are soluble in ____.

61
Q

Generally, the bases are SOLUBLE in ORGANIC solvents and INSOLUBLE in WATER

62
Q

Exception:
❖Bases insoluble or sparingly soluble in certain organic solvents.
❖Bases soluble in Water

63
Q

BASES INSOLUBLE IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

A

 Morphine in Ether
 Theobromine in Benzene
 Theophylline in Benzene

64
Q

BASES SOLUBLE IN WATER

A

 Caffeine
 Codeine
 Colchicine
 Ephedrine
 Pilocarpine
 Quaternary Ammonium bases

65
Q

Salts are usually soluble in water and insoluble or sparingly soluble in organic solvents.

66
Q

Salts insoluble in water

A

Quinine monosulphate

67
Q

Salts soluble in organic solvents

A

Lobeline and Apoatropine HCl – Chloroform

68
Q

Examples of Primary Amines – R-NH2

A

NOREPINEPHRINE
MESCALINE

69
Q

Secondary Amines – R2-NH

70
Q

Tertiary Amines – R3-N

71
Q

Quaternary Ammonium Salts – R4-N

A

TUBOCURARINE

72
Q

BASICITY

A

R2NH > R-NH2 > R3-N

73
Q

T OR F
Saturated hexacyclic amines is more basic than aromatic amines

74
Q

Example of Weak Bases

75
Q

Example of Strong Bases

76
Q

Example of Neutral Alkaloids

A

COLCHICINE

77
Q

Example of Ampotheric Phenolic Alkaloids

78
Q

Example of Ampotheric Alkaloids with Carboxylic groups

79
Q

Most alkaloids contain oxygen and are solid in nature. Give example.

80
Q

Some alkaloids are free from oxygen and are usually liquids. Give examples

A

NICOTINE
CONIINE

81
Q

Alkaloids are decomposed by heat except:

A

STRYCHNINE AND CAFFEINE (SUBLIMABLE)

82
Q

Dilute acids hydrolyze Ester alkaloids

83
Q

Concentrated acids may cause:

A

DEHYRDATION
DEMETHOXYLATION

84
Q

Concentrated acids may cause dehydration. Examples:

A

ATROPINE - APOATROPINE
MORPHINE - APOMORPHINE

85
Q

Concentrated acids may cause demethoxylation. Examples:

86
Q

They also can form salts with alkaloids containing a carboxylic group.

87
Q

Alkalis may cause ____ of alkaloid as the conversion of Hyoscyamine to Atropine.

A

ISOMERIZATION (RACEMIZATION)

88
Q

Dilute alkalis liberate most alkaloids from their salts.

89
Q

Strong alkalis:

A

Aqueous NaOH and KOH form salts with phenolic alkaloids.

90
Q

Strong alkalis cause hydrolysis of:

A

ESTER ALKALOIDS
AMIDE ALKALOIDS

91
Q

Ester Alkaloids examples

A

ATROPINE
COCAINE
PHYSOSTIGMINE

92
Q

Amide Alkaloids example

A

COLCHICINE

93
Q

Strong alkalis cause opening of ____

A

LACTONE RING

94
Q

Some alkaloids are unstable when exposed to light and oxygen.

95
Q

Pharmacologic Action of Alkaloids

A
  • ANALGESIC & NARCOTICS
  • CENTRAL STIMULANTS
  • MYDRIATICS
  • MIOTICS
  • WHICH WILL CAUSE RISE IN BLOOD PR
  • WHICH WILL PRODUCE A FALL IN EXCESSIVE HYPERTENSION
96
Q

Examples of Analgesic and Narcotics

A

▪ Codeine
▪ Morphine

97
Q

Examples of Central Stimulants

A

▪ Brucine
▪ Strychnine

98
Q

Examples of Mydriatics

A

▪ Atropine
▪ Homatropine

99
Q

Examples of Miotics

A

▪ Physostigmine
▪ Pilocarpine

100
Q

Example of which will cause rise in blood pressure

A

▪ Ephedrine

101
Q

Examples of which will produce a fall in excessive hypertension

A

▪ Reserpine

102
Q

Common Amino Acid Precursors

A

❖Anthranilic acid
❖Histidine
❖Lysine
❖Ornithine
❖Phenylalanine
❖Tyrosine
❖Tryptophan

103
Q

The process of removing a carboxyl group from a chemical compound.

A

DECARBOXYLATION

104
Q

The process of transposing an amino group within a chemical compound.

A

TRANSAMINATION

105
Q

Reagent in Wagner’s Test

A

IODINE IN POTASSIUM IODIDE

106
Q

Reagent in Mayer’s Test

A

POTASSIUM MERCURIC IODIDE

107
Q

Reagent in Dragendorff’s Test

A

POTASSIUM BISMUTH IODIDE

108
Q

Classification of Alkaloids

A

❑ Pyridine-Piperidine
❑Tropane
❑ Quinoline
❑ Isoquinoline
❑ Indole
❑ Imidazole
❑ Purine Bases
❑ Steroidal Alkaloids
❑ Alkaloidal Amines

109
Q

Constituents of Pyridine-Piperidine

A

❖Arecoline
❖ Lobeline
❖ Nicotine
❖ Coniine
❖ Pelletierine

110
Q

Sources of Pyridine-Piperidine

A

▪ Betel nut
▪ Lobelia
▪ Pomegranate
▪ Tobacco

111
Q

Part used in Betel Nut

A

DRIED RIPE SEED

112
Q

Part used in Lobelia

A

Dried Leaves and Tops

113
Q

Parts used in Pomegranate

A

Dried Barks, Fruits, and Rootd

114
Q

Part used in Tobacco

A

DRIED LEAVES

115
Q

Constituents of Tropane

A

❖ Atropine
❖ Cocaine
❖ Hyoscine
❖ Hyoscyamine
❖ Scopolamine

116
Q

Sources of Tropane

A

▪ Angel’s trumpet
▪ Belladonna
▪ Coca
▪ Henbane
▪ Thorn apple

117
Q

Parts used in Angel’s Trumpet

A

Leaves and Flowers

118
Q

Parts used in Belladonna

A

Dried Leaves and Flowering or Fruiting Tops

119
Q

Parts used in Coca

120
Q

Parts Used in Henbane

A

Dried Leaves

121
Q

Parts used in Thorn Apple

A

Dried Leaves and Tops

122
Q

Constituents of Quinoline

A

❖Cinchonine
❖Cinchonidine
❖ Quinine
❖ Quinidine

123
Q

Sources of Quinoline

A

 Red cinchona
Yellow cinchona

124
Q

Part used in Cinchona

125
Q

Constituents of Isoquinoline

A

❖ Sanguinarine
❖ Hydrastine
❖ Emetine
❖Tubocurarine

126
Q

Sources of Isoquinoline

A

▪ Curare
▪ Hydrastis
▪ Ipecac
▪ Poppy fruit (Opium)
▪ Saguinaria

127
Q

Part used in Curare

128
Q

Parts used in Ipecac

A

Dried Rhizomes and Roots

129
Q

Parts used in Hydrastis

A

Dried Rhizomes and Roots

130
Q

Part used in Poppy Fruits

A

Latex - Source of Opium

131
Q

Part used in Sanguinaria

132
Q

Opium Alkaloids

A

▪ Papaverine
▪ Apomorphine
▪ Noscapine
▪ Codeine
▪ Heroin
▪ Hydromorphone
▪ Morphine

133
Q

Constituents of Indole

A

❖Brucine
❖Ergonovine
❖Eserine
❖Physostigmine
❖ Reserpine
❖Strychnine
❖Vinblastine
❖Vincristine

134
Q

Sources of Indole

A

▪ Calabar bean
▪ Ergot
▪ Ignatia
▪ Periwinkle/Vinca
▪ Rauvolfia
▪ Strychnine tree

135
Q

Constituent of Imidazole

A

PILOCARPINE

136
Q

Sources of Imidazole

A

Pilocarpus

137
Q

Constituents of Purine Bases

A

Methylxanthines
❖Caffeine
❖Theophylline
❖Theobromine
❖Theine

138
Q

Sources of Purine Bases

A

▪ Cacao
▪ Coffee
▪ Cola
▪ Tea

139
Q

Constituents of Steroidal Alkaloids

A

❖ Germidine
❖Germitrine
❖Protoveratrine A and B

140
Q

Sources of Steroidal Alklaoids

A

▪ Green/American hellebore
▪ White/European hellebore

141
Q

Constituents of Alkaloidal Amines

A

❖ Ephedrine
❖ Colchicine
❖ Mescaline
❖ Cathinone

142
Q

Sources of Alkaloidal Amines

A

▪ Abyssinian tea/ Khat
▪ Colchicum
▪ Ephedrine/Ma huang
▪ Mescal buttons/Peyote

PPC D (14 decks)

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