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PPC D > hormones > Flashcards

hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Are secreted from the glands of the endocrine system, they are specific in that each hormone causes a response in a specific target organ or group of cells, rather than on the body as a whole.

A

HORMONE

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2
Q

These are secreted via a duct into the blood and usually effect a distant organ or tissue.

A

EXOCRINE HORMONES

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3
Q

These are secreted within the tissue (rather than via a duct) and enter the blood stream via capillaries.

A

ENDOCRINE HORMONES

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4
Q

Hormones can be classified according to their:

A

I. Chemical Nature
II. Mechanism of Action
III. Nature of Action
IV. Effect of Hormones
V. Stimulation of Endocrine Glands

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5
Q

Chemical Nature of hormones are divided to six (6) classes, they are:

A

Steroid
Amine
Peptide
Protein
Eicosanoid
Glycoprotein

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6
Q

Derived from cholesterol which belong to a chemical compounds known as steroids.

A

STEROID HORMONES

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7
Q

Ex of Steroid Hormones

A

Sex hormones
Adrenal cortex hormones

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8
Q

These are derived from the modification of amino acids. Typically, the original structure of the amino acid is modified such that a COOH, or carboxyl, group is removed, whereas the NH3 +, or amine group remains.

A

AMINE HORMONES

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9
Q

Amine hormones are synthesized from the amino acids ____ or ___.

A

TRYPTOPHAN or TYROSINE

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10
Q

An example of a hormone derived from tryptophan

A

MELATONIN

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11
Q

Tyrosine derivatives include

A

THYROID HORMONES AND CATECHOLAMINES

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12
Q

These hormones are made up of only few amino acid residues and they are usually present themselves in a form of linear chains.

A

PEPTIDE HORMONES

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13
Q

Ex of Peptide Hormones

A

Oxytocin
Vasopressin

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14
Q

These hormones are build up from large number of amino acid residues.

A

PROTEIN HORMONES

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15
Q

Ex of Protein Hormones

A

Insulin
Glucagon
Somatotropins

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16
Q

These are conjugated protein bound to carbohydrate which include galactose, mannose, fructose.

A

GLYCOPROTEIN HORMONES

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17
Q

Ex of Glycoprotein Hormones

A

LH - Luteinizing hormones
FLH - Follicle stimulating hormones TSH - Thyroid stimulating hormones

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18
Q

Made up of small fatty acid derivatives with a variety of arachidonic acid.

A

EICOSANOID HORMONES

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19
Q

Ex of Eicosanoid Hormones

A

PROSTAGLANDINS

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20
Q

Steroid Hormones are classified according to the organs that synthesize them therefore this hormone are classified as:

A

Sex hormones
Adrenal cortex hormones Placenta hormones

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21
Q

These are group of hormone that produced in the testes in males and ovaries in the female.

A

SEX HORMONES

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22
Q

The male sex hormones are usually referred to as

A

ANDROGENS

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23
Q

The principal androgen is known as

A

TESTOSTERONE

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24
Q

These hormones are produced primarily by the testes and in discrete amounts by the adrenal cortex.

A

SEX HORMONES

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25
Q

These are primarily responsible for the proper development and maintenance of male reproductive function and stimulation of the secondary sex characteristics.

A

ANDROGENS

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26
Q

Are anabolic, and used in stimulating the production of skeletal muscles and bone as well as red blood cells.

A

ANDROGENS

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27
Q

In order to enhance the anabolic activity of androgens without increasing their masculinizing ability, ____ were developed to combat diseases marked by wasting, these synthetic hormones have been abused by individuals desiring to increase their muscle mass, such as athletes seeking to gain a competitive advantage.

A

ANABOLIC STEROIDS

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28
Q

It has been linked to serious side effects, including infertility and coronary heart disease.

A

OVERDOSING

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29
Q

Two female sex hormones

A

ESTROGENS
PROGESTINS

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30
Q

Are secreted mainly by the ovaries and in smaller amounts by the adrenal glands and (in men) by the testes.

A

ESTROGENS

31
Q

The most potent estrogen

A

ESTRADIOL

32
Q

This hormone has a similar function similarly to androgens in men, the estrogens promote the development and maintenance of the primary and secondary female sexual characteristics; they also stimulate linear growth and skeletal maturation.

A

ESTRADIOL

33
Q

Are the other type of female sex hormone and are named for their role in maintaining pregnancy (pro-gestation).

A

PROGESTINS, most important of which is PROGESTERONE

34
Q

These are secreted cyclically during menstruation.

A

ESTROGENS AND PROGESTINS

35
Q

During the menstrual cycle, the ____ of the ovary produces progesterone, which renders the uterine lining receptive to the implantation of a fertilized ovum.

A

RUPTURED OVARIAN FOLLICLE (CORPUS LUTEUM)

36
Q

These hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex. They are mainly adrenocortical hormones, which basically divided to two

A

ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES

37
Q

Adrenal Cortex Hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex. They are mainly adrenocortical hormones, which basically divided to two:

A

GLUCOCORTICOIDS
MINERALOCORTICOIDS

38
Q

It consist of hormones such as cortisol which mainly control and influence many metabolic processes like deposition of glycogen in the liver and the formation of glucose from amino acids and fatty acids.

A

GLUCOCORTICOIDS

39
Q

It also helps in the maintenance of normal blood pressure, and also possessed anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions, which are useful in treating rheumatoid arthritis and prevents the rejection of transplanted organs.

A

GLUCOCORTICOIDS

40
Q

Like aldosterone, help maintain the balance between salts and water in the body and the predominantly exerts their effects within the kidney.

A

MINERALOCORTICOIDS

41
Q

It is an endocrine gland that is only present during pregnancy.

A

PLACENTA

42
Q

The placenta produces two steroid hormones:

A

ESTROGEN
PROGESTERONE

43
Q

The placenta also releases several protein hormones:

A

▪ Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)
▪ Human Placental Lactogen (hPL)
▪ Placental growth Hormone
▪ Relaxin
▪ Kisspeptin

44
Q

These are group of lipophilic hormones that are usually derived from cholesterol (except T3 and T4).

A

GROUP I HORMONES

45
Q

These hormones usually bind to intracellular receptors thereby forming hormone-receptor complex.

A

GROUP I HORMONES

46
Q

They are mostly found in general circulation in association with transport proteins however they have relatively longer half-lives in hours or days.

A

GROUP I HORMONES

47
Q

Examples of G1 hormones

A

T3, T4, Estrogen, Progesterone and Testosterone

48
Q

These are hormones that bind to cell surface (plasma membrane) receptor before they stimulate the release of certain molecules known as second messenger which will then perform the biochemical function of these hormones.

A

GROUP II HORMONES

49
Q

These hormones are transported in free form and they usually possess short half-lives in minutes.

A

GROUP II HORMONES

50
Q

Group II are further subdivided into 3 categories based on the chemical nature of the second messenger:

A
  1. Camp - ACTH, FSH, LH;
  2. Phospholipid/inositol/Ca2+ - TRH, GnRH, Gastrin
  3. Unknown - Insulin STH, LTH, Oxytocin
51
Q

These hormones have a specific local effect through paracrine secretion.

A

LOCAL HORMONES

52
Q

Ex of Local Hormones

A

Hormone testosterone

53
Q

These are hormones transported through circulation to the distal target tissue/organ.

A

GENERAL HORMONES

54
Q

Ex of General Hormones

A

Thyroid Hormones and Insulin

55
Q

These hormones may cause muscle contraction, pigment migration, glandular secretion and others.

A

KINETIC HORMONES

56
Q

Ex of Kinetic Hormone

A

EPINEPHRINE

57
Q

These are hormones that mainly caused changes in the rate of metabolism and balance the reaction.

A

METABOLIC HORMONES

58
Q

Ex of Metabolic Hormones

A

Insulin, Glucagon, Parathyroid hormones

59
Q

These are hormones that mainly involved in growth and differentiation in the body.

A

MORPHOGENETIC HORMONES

60
Q

Ex of Morphogenetic hormones

A

Follicle stimulating hormones
Luteinizing hormones
Thyroid hormones

61
Q

These are hormones that stimulate other endocrine gland for secretion.

A

TROPIC HORMONES

62
Q

These are hormones that usually exert their effect on non-endocrine target tissues.

A

NONTROPIC HORMONES

63
Q

Is the production of no hormone or too little of a hormone. It can be caused by the destruction of hormone-secreting cells, such as in Type 1 diabetes, or by a deficiency in a nutrient that is important for hormone synthesis.

A

HYPOSECRETION OF HORMONES

64
Q

It is when an excess of one or more hormone is secreted from a gland.

A

HYPOSECRETION OF HORMONES

65
Q

Hyposecretion Clinical Disorders

A

Dwarfism and unattained growth potential.

66
Q

Hyposecretion symptoms

A

 Slow or flat rate of growth in children
 Changes in muscle mass, cholesterol levels, and bone strength
in adults.

67
Q

Hyposecretion treatment

A

Hormone-replacement Therapy

68
Q

Happens when the body produces too much of a hormone.

A

HYPERSECRETION OF HORMONES

69
Q

A hormone can be hypersecreted if the gland develops a tumor and grows out of control or if the gland is signaled to produce too much of a hormone.

A
70
Q

It is when the amount of hormones are released is too low. There are many types of disorders that can result when too much or too little of a hormone is released.

A

HYPERSECRETION OF HORMONES

71
Q

Hypersecretion symptoms

A

Gigantism
Acromegaly

72
Q

Hypersecretion treatment

A

Lower the production of GH
Medication
Surgery

73
Q

Injection medications such as _____ can help manage hormone levels.

A

Somatostatin analogs (Sandostatin)

PPC D (14 decks)

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