biologics Flashcards
It encompass any product derived from a living plant or animal source.
BIOLOGICS
These are not classified as biologics.
Insulin
Liver extract
Antibiotic products
The broad term “Biologics” thus includes the immunizing biologics that are derivatives of animals:
Serum
Antitoxins
Globulins
The broad term “Biologics” thus includes the immunizing biologics that are derivatives of microscopic plant organisms:
Vaccines
Toxoids
Tuberculins
It is the material that provokes the immune response
Antigen
Antigens can be defined under three CATEGORIES:
Biologically
Physically
Chemically
An antigen is a substance that when introduced into the tissue of humans or other vertebrates, causes the formation of antibodies.
Biologically
Antigens possess two (2) biologic properties:
Immunogenicity
Specificity
It is the capacity to introduce antibody formation.
Immunogenicity
It is governed by small chemical sites on the antigen molecules called Antigen Determinants.
Specificity
An antigen must posses a high molecular weight. A weight of more than 10,000 daltons is required.
Physically
It is the simplest form of an antigen determinant present on a complex antigen molecule.
Epitope
These are compounds with a molecular weight lower than 10,000 daltons can be partially antigens.
Haptens
Antigens are usually protein, however, some high molecular weight polysaccharides are antigenic.
Chemically
Are found predominantly in the serum fraction of the blood, although they also exist in other body fluids and in association with other tissues such as lymph nodes and mucous membrane.
Antibodies
Major types of Immunity
Natural Immunity (Innate)
Acquired Immunity
- Active and Passive
The defense mechanisms those that are present in the body because of race, species specificity, and a multitude of other factor.
Natural Immunity (Innate)
It is endowed at birth and is retained because of an individual constitution.
Natural Immunity (Innate)
It means that the specific immunity developed by an individual in response to the introduction of antigenic substances into the body.
Active Immunity
The antigenic substance may be received by the body in a natural manner.
Naturally Acquired Active Immunity
They may be received by the body through the administration of a vaccine or toxoid.
Artificially Acquired Active Immunity
It is the type of immunity developed by the introduction of preformed antibodies (not antigen) into the body.
Passive Immunity
It is produced quickly, but is not long lasting. The immunity developed in a newborn infant through transmission of the antibodies.
Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity
It is also produced quickly, but is not long lasting. The injection of immunizing biologics containing preformed antibodies in forms such as diphtheria antitoxins or gamma globulins.
Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity
Are bacterial waste products that are considered poisonous to the animal body.
Toxins and Toxoids
They act as antigen because of their power to stimulate certain cells of the body to produce antibodies called Antitoxins.
Toxins and Toxoids
When toxins are excreted from the bacterial cells producing them and are dissolved in the surrounding culture medium.
Exotoxins
When toxins are retained within the bacterial body.
Endotoxins
It is a matter of food poisoning
Clostridium botulism (Botulism)
It is the source of the “most poisonous poisons”
Clostridium botulism (Botulism)
A microorganisms generally unable to grow in the body of a warm- blooded animals but capable of causing death if it is exotoxins are ingested.
Are prepared from the blood of animals, usually horses that have been immunized by repeated injections of specific bacterial exotoxins.
Antitoxins
Examples of Antitoxins
o Botulism antitoxins
o Diphtheria antitoxins
o Tetanus antitoxins
Are poisonous excretions produced by animals.
Ex: Snake bite
Venom
Are biologicals prepared in a manner similar to that for antitoxins and antivenins, except that bacteria or viruses are used to stimulate the production of specific antibodies in a healthy animal such as the horse.
Antiserums
Example of Antiserum
Antirabies serum
Example of Venom
- Antivenin (Cortalidae) Polyvalent or North and South American anti-snakebite
- Spider-bite Antivenin or Black Widow Spider Antivenin
Are immunizing biologics that contain specific antibodies derived from the blood of humans who have survived an attack of a specific disease or have been immunized in some other manner.
Immune Globulins
