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J: Bio > Lipid Metabolism > Flashcards

Lipid Metabolism Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Fatty acid molecules are mobilized from storage and made available to cells that need energy

A

Lipolysis

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2
Q

Fatty acids are oxidized to produce energy

A

Beta oxidation > intermediates to yield energy

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3
Q

Two types of lipid and cholesterol transport

A

Free fatty acids in blood: serum albumin

Triglyceride transport in lipoproteins mostly VLDL

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4
Q

What is the signal for triglyceride breakdown to free fatty acid:

A

Tagging with coenzyme A for transport > convert into Acyl CoA

  • this overcomes process of free FA from cytosol to mitochondria
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5
Q

Short vs Long chain Acyl CoA transport into Mitc matrix

A
  • short chain free diffuse into matrix

- long chain: carnations shuttle (control point)

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6
Q

What is the goal of beta oxidation of even number saturated fatty acid (16 C)

A
  • Goal: produce 2 carbon Acetyl-CoA
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7
Q

Step 1 of Beta oxidation:

A

Oxidation: of acyl

Acyl CoA > Acyl CoA dehydrogenase (FAD to FADH2) > Trans delta 2 enoyl CoA’

Oxidation paired with reduction FAD to FADH2q

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8
Q

Step 2 beta oxidation

A

Hydration: add water

  • add beta OH to Carbon that was part of double bond
  • get C=C to be able to add an oxygen > product is an Acyl
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9
Q

Step 3 beta oxidation

A

Oxidation of alcohol: OH > carbonyl, paired with reduce NAD to NADH + H+
- rebuilding polar head

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10
Q

Step 4 beta oxidation:

A

Thiolysis: cleavage

  • Thiolase and addition CoA-SH
  • produce Acyl and Acetylene CoA

Alpha: acetyl
Beta: acyl

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11
Q

Odd numbered unsaturated fatty acid beta oxidation:

A

Broken down until double bond is at position 3

- Isomerase to flip to position 3 and produce trans delta 2 enoyl CoA and proceed with step 2

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12
Q

Even numbered unsaturated fatty acid beta oxidation:

A

Proceed until double bond position 4

  • goal: get to odd numbered unsaturated FA
  • thus reductase to produce double bond at pos 3
  • paired with oxidation of NADPH + H+ to NADP+
  • then same isomerase from odd numbered > proceed with step 2
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13
Q

Odd numbered saturated fatty acid beta oxidation:

A
  • even numbered C4 cleaves to two acetyl CoA

- Odd numbered: C5 cleaves to acetyl CoA and Propionyl CoA

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14
Q

Where is propionyl CoA derived from? And where does it enter as substrate?

A

It is derived from odd numbered saturated FA beta oxidation

  • transferred to succinylcholine CoA to enter CAC
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15
Q

Each round of beta oxidation produces what?

Final Round produces what?

A

Acetyl CoA + NADH + FADH2

2 Acetyl CoA OR Acetyl and Propionyl CoA

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16
Q

FADH2, NADH, Acetyl CoA > ATP ratio

A

FADH2 > 1.5

NADH > 2.5

Acetyl CoA > 10

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17
Q

FADH2 is related to how much ATP

A

1.5

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18
Q

NADH is related to how much ATP

A

2.5

19
Q

Acetyl CoA is related to how much ATP

A

10

20
Q

How much ATP is produced per round of beta oxidation?

A

Around 14 ATP

N-carbons produces <7n ATP

21
Q

Small 3 or 4 carbon molecules soluble in the blood

A

ketone bodies

22
Q

where are ketone bodies produced?

A

Liver from acetyl CoA

23
Q

What is the role of liver during fasting state?

A

Send Acetyl CoA to brain and heart > ketogenesis

24
Q

When does ketogenesis occur?

A
  • when glycogen stores have been depleted

- glucose is preferred energy source

25
Q

Types of ketone bodies liver can produce:

A
  • Acetoacetate, Acetone, and D-beta-hydroxybutyrate
26
Q

What are the possible products of acetoacetate?

A

Acetoacetate is 4 carbon with two carbonyl and O-

Reduction: to beta hydroxybutarate

Spont non enzymatic decarboxy to acetone (removes CO2)

27
Q

What is ketoacidosis and where does it come from

A

Excess of acetoacetate and beta hydroxybutarate
- Both acidic and can lower blood pH

Nail polish smell from acetone exhalation

28
Q

Lipid vs carbs and protein energy:

A

Lipids: greater energy density

  • require more oxidation thats carbs and proteins
  • carbs require more water storage (1:3 with lipids)
  • Glucose oxidized much quicker than lipids
29
Q

What is the type of fat (color) we normally think of:

A

White fat

Brown fat surrounds organs

30
Q

Where does fatty acid synthesis occur?

A

Cytosol

31
Q

Step 1 fatty acid synthesis

A

Acetyl to Malonyl CoA: via carboxylation

32
Q

Step 2 fatty acid synthesis

A

Acetyl and Malonly CoA loaded onto FA synthase (active site)

33
Q

Step 3 fatty acid synth:

A

Elongation: condense to 4 C chain and product CO2

34
Q

Reduction Hydration steps fo FA synth:

A

AFter 4C chain generated > Reduce > hydrate > reduce > produce acyl = FA head
-each add 2 Carbon > until 16C FA palmitic

35
Q

When is fatty acid chain released from active site FA synthase: what is this fatty acid chain

A

16C palmitic acid (only natural FA synth)

36
Q

Where is natural cholesterol synthesized:

A

Liver

37
Q

Where does cholesterol synth take place in cell and what similarity does it have to FA synth?

A

Cytosol of liver cells and has Acetyl CoA as substrate

38
Q

Where does cholesterol synth travel to after Cytosol?

A

Continues in ER

39
Q

What is RLS of cholesterol synth:

A

Two acetyl CoA into Mevalonate

- Reduction of 2 NADPH

40
Q

What happens to mevalonate?

A

3ATP consumed into isoprene molecule

41
Q

How many isoprene molecules make up squalene?

A

6

42
Q

where are phosphoplipds generated?

A
  • smooth ER of inter mitochondrial membrane
43
Q

Where does eicosanoid synthesize and from what?

A
  • archidanoic (poly unsaturated) > PGs and Thromboxane
44
Q

What type of fat tissue (color) forms heat

A

Brown

J: Bio (15 decks)

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