Glyogen Metabolism And PPP

Question 1

Main storage centers of glycogen

Answer 1

Liver and skeletal muscle

Question 2

Ways liver helps regulate glucose homeostasis:

Answer 2

Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

Question 3

Substrate for glycogen synthesis:

Answer 3

G6P

Question 4

Steps to Glycogen: create alpha 1,4 bond

Answer 4

G6P > G1P > UDP Glucose > Glycogen

• phosphoglucomutase
• UDP glucose phosphorylase with UTP input
• glycogen synthase

Question 5

Phosphorysis reaction

Answer 5

Glycogen > G1P via glycogen phosphorylase

- add phosphate group

Question 6

Hormone that stimulate glycogen phosphorylase to release G1P:

Answer 6

Epinephrine > so that glycolysis > pyruvate > energy can be generated

Question 7

Location of epinephrine and glucagon during glycogenolysis:

Answer 7

Epi works with skeletal muscle cells

Glucagon works on liver

Question 8

Other molecules other than hormones Epi and Glucagon that up regulate glycogen phosphorylase:

Answer 8

Calcium ( with muscle contractions) and high AMP (meaning low ATP) levels

Question 9

What are two molecules that inhibit glycogen phosphorylase:

Answer 9

Insulin and glucose in the liver (glucose inhibits allosterically(

Question 10

How does insulin promote glycogen synthase?

Answer 10

Inhibiting the inhibitor

Question 11

What kind of metabolic pathway is PPP?

Answer 11

Anabolic: NADP+ > NADPH

Question 12

What is NADP+

Answer 12

Reducing agent antioxidant reducing agent in nucleic acid and lipid synthesis:

Question 13

What is NADPH

Answer 13

Ribose 5 phosphate, key building block for DNA/RNA synthesis

Question 14

What are the two phases of PPP:

Answer 14

Oxidative and Non oxidative phase

Question 15

What is starting substrate of PPP:

Answer 15

G6P after shunting away from glycolysis (goal build molecules instead of harvest energy)

Question 16

Oxidative phase reaction of PPP:

Answer 16

G6P > 6phosphogluconolactone

• oxidize OH > carbonyl
• paired with reduction of NADP+ to NADPH

Question 17

Final step of PPP Oxidative phase:

Answer 17

Production of Ribulose 5 phosphate > ribose 5 phosphate

• NADP+ reduced to NADPH
• Decarboxylation

Question 18

What is the goal of PPP non oxidative phase:

Answer 18

• 30 carbons rearranged to regenerate G6P > for glycolysis and glycogenesis
• utilize ribulose 5 phosphate when unwanted
• can also produce Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate for glycolysis

Question 19

Rate limiting step of PPP:

Answer 19

Conversion of G6P - phosphogluconate (G6P used by many pathways)