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J: Bio > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Hormones secreted by duodenum?

A

S cells: secretin > pancreas > bicarb

- cholecystkinin > gallblader > bile, and pancreatic digestive enzymes

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2
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A
  • digestion and absorption
  • breakdown of macronutrients via pancreatic and brush border enzymes
  • absorbed by enterocytes as a.a., F.A., and monosac
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3
Q

Function of large intestine?

A
  • absorb excess water from chyme

- only very small amount of absorption if any

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4
Q

Are macronutrients absorbed in the stomach? What is absorbed in the stomach?

A

Only proteins, Water and certain drugs

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5
Q

What digestion is the mouth capable of?

A

salivary amylase > sugars into oligo and disac

- lingual lipase, start of fat/lipid breakdown

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6
Q

Where is pepsinogen produced? Function?

A
  • stomach

- zymogen, stomach acid > activ form pepsin

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7
Q

Where are brush border enzymes produced?

A

small intestine

- disachidases and peptidases

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8
Q

What are 3 sphincters in the GI tract?

A

ilocecal: small intestine and cecum
pyloric: stomach and duodenum of small intestine

lower esophogeal: esophagus to stomach, one of 2 in esophagus

upper esophogeal: pushes food down

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9
Q

what is the pH of the duodenum? How is this maintained?

A

6-7, panc secretes bicarb to neutralize acidic chyme

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10
Q

what are enterocytes? what is taken up by active vs passive transport?

A

cells of small intestine that take up amino acids, fatty acids, glucose/monosac

  • glucose and Galac: secondary active transport
  • -NaKATPase creates Na gradient > facilitates uptake via Na-Glut symporter (1 glu for every 2 Na)
    • of note, sucrose is taken up by facilitated diffusion

Amino acids:
- secondary transport

Fatty acids:
- hydrophobic tail, thus passive diffusion, does not require energy

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11
Q

What is bile? what is its function?

A

mix of salts, cholesterol, and pigments

fx: dissolve/emulsify dietary fats
- break up larger fat globules into micells of Trig, more surface area to be broken down

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12
Q

Where is bile stored and where is it synthesized? how is it released?

A

synth: liver
store: gallbladder
released in response to cholecystkinin from the cells of duodenum

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13
Q

Step by step of fatty acid breakdown:

A

mouth: lingual lipase
gallbladder: bile (synth by liver, from gallbladder, in response to cholecystkinin) > fat into micelle
small intestine: pancreatic lipases > Trig into monoglyceride and fatty acids
small intestine: micelles diffuse into enterocytes > packed into chylomicrons (lipoprotein transport to other parts of body)
lacteals: vessels of lymphatic system, chylomicrons enter for transport

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14
Q

What are chylomicrons and lacteals?

A

lipoproteins involved in lipid packaging inside enterocytes for transport
- chylomicrons enter lacteals, small vessels of lymphatic system

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15
Q

what is the role of enteropeptidase? where is it secreted from?

A
  • convert trypsinogen into trypsin > cleave Lys (K) or Arg (R)
  • secreted by pancreas
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16
Q

Role of the mouth in digestion:

A

saliva:

  • salivary amylase and lingual lipase
  • Lysozyme: anti microbial, try and kill some bacteria but not all
17
Q

parietal and chief cells, what can the stomach absorb?

A
  • found in stomach
  • secrete gastric acid (HCL and various salts)
  • pH 1.5 - 3.5

chief cells > pepsinogen > pepsin (acidic environment)
- > pepsin: proteins > target regions of hydrophobic/aromatic

Absorb: aspirin, caffeine, small amounts of alc (20%)

18
Q

What is intrinsic factor?

A
  • produced by stomach, helps to absorb Vit B12, and produce water to dilute food bolus
19
Q

How does the stomach protect itself?

A
  • mucous epithelial cells produce bicarb rich mucus

- line stomach, neutralize acid

20
Q

End stage product of food bolus from the stomach?

A

food bolus > chyme acidic mixture semi digested food and gastric juices

21
Q

Small intestine anatomy:

A

folds: with villi (dense finger like projections)made up of intestional epithelal cells
- enterocytes > microvilli (hair like extensions on cell membrane)
- look like brush tissue > called brush border > enzymes like disacharidases and peptidases

22
Q

Duodenum

A
  • secretin > pancreas > bicarb > neutralize acidic chyme
  • overall pH 6-7
  • cholecystokinin > exocrine enzymes and bile (panc and gallbladder)
  • lipid emulsification, think gallbladder > break up micelle > expose to lipase > absorb by enterocytes
23
Q

Gallbladder

A
  • store bile only
  • bile salts are amphipathic > digest fats
  • polar region bind with water, form micelle
  • nonpolar region bind Trig
24
Q

Liver functions

A
  • secretes bile
  • detoxifies compunds and metabolizes drugs/meds
  • stores glyc and trig
  • mobilize glucose and FA
  • hepatic portal system, two capillar beds in liver and small intestine
25
Q

Pancreas

A
  • alkaline fluid drain into duodenum

- exocrine function

26
Q

Large intestine anatomy and function

A

cecum, colon, and rectum
- cecum: ileo cecal sphingter

colon: ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

Asborb water from chyme
gut flora > biotin (B7) and K (blood coag)

27
Q

Feces components

A

water and cellulose (other indigestible)

28
Q

What is one process in stomach bypass surgery that involves hormone changes?

A
  • removal of fundus of stomach, housing cells that produce ghrelin
  • adipocytes secrete leptin (full)
29
Q

Hormones that regulate hunger and satiation?

A

stomach: G cells > gastrin and somatostatin > parietal cells > HCl and intrinsic factor

duodenum: secretin > bicarb to neutralize
- CCK > panc and gall > exoxcrine enzymes and bile
- inhibit appetite

Somatostatin -| gastrin, CCK, secretin

  • stalls stomach emptying
  • inhibit panc endocrine hormones
  • GHIH > treat gigantism
30
Q

What constitutes a vitamin?

A
  • organic but insufficient produced by body and obtained from diet
  • can be lipid or fat soluble
31
Q

Fat soluble vitamins?

A

ADEK
A: Retinol/retinoid
D: dihydroxy vitamin D
E:
K:
- accum in fat/adipose tissue, stored vitamins?
- incr intake may have negative effects bc not easily excreted

32
Q

Water soluble vitamins?

A

B and C

- easily absorbed and secreted through blood

33
Q

Vitamin A

A
  • Retinol and retinal
  • interacts with opsin > rhodopsin > rods of retina
  • lowlight vision
34
Q

Vitamin K

A
  • synth by bacteria in large intestine

- essential for blood clot/coagulation

35
Q

Minerals

A
  • inorganic, also not synth by body

- trace vs macro (need a lot)

36
Q

What is bile composed of?

A

Breakdown of bilirubin — breakdown of hemoglobin

37
Q

What is the hydrophobic/Philic nature of bile salts?

A

Amphipathic - hydrophobic portion, soluble in only fats and oils, and hydrophilic portion soluble only in water

38
Q

How does bile salt function to help digest fats?

A

Dispersion of fats in the aqueous digestive juices makes these fats available to digestive enzymes

J: Bio (15 decks)

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