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Gen. Biology > LIGHT REACTION AND DARK REACTION > Flashcards

LIGHT REACTION AND DARK REACTION Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

All the food
we eat and the fossil fuels we burn
are products of ________.

A

photosynthesis

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2
Q

turn solar energy into food
which is nice of them because
animals can’t eat sunshine.

A

Plants

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3
Q

When animals eat plants and other animals,
that original solar energy is passed along
the_______ .

A

food chain

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4
Q

is the process that converts solar energy
into chemical energy that is used by biological systems
(that means us).

A

Photosynthesis

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5
Q

Photosynthesis has 3 major events:

A
  1. Sunlight is converted into chemical energy
  2. Water (H2O) is split into oxygen (O2)
  3. Carbon dioxide (CO2
    ) is fixed into sugars (C6H12O6)
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6
Q

Photosynthesis is carried out by:

A

certain bacteria
plants
cyanobacteria
certain bacteria
most algae phytoplankton

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7
Q

These organisms are known as ______ or
producers meaning they
make their own food and
energy from the sun.

A

photoautotrophs

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8
Q

Consumers such as –_______ and _____depend on the products
of photosynthesis that producers
make to live.

A

herbivores and
carnivores

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9
Q

is a
sugar and its molecular
structure looks like this.

A

Glucose (C6H12O6
)

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10
Q

produce sugars as a source of food.
However, they produce way more than they
need to survive. This is a great benefit for all
the species that depend on glucose for energy.

A

Plants

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11
Q

All biological energy comes from_____.

A

glucose

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12
Q

During photosynthesis, plants
produce _____ when
they convert light energy into
chemical energy. The chemical
energy is stored in the _______.

A

glucose molecules
bonds of glucose.

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13
Q

Plants also use the
_____ they produce for
_____. When plants
produce excess glucose
they store it in their
_____.

A

glucose
energy
leaves

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14
Q

When ____
digest plants, they
are breaking down
the glucose bonds
to release stored
energy to power
their bodies.

A

animals

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15
Q

______can be broken
apart from energy to power reactions.

A

Glucose molecules

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16
Q

Plants can also make glucose into carbohydrate
chains called _____.

A

polysaccharides

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17
Q

poly =
saccharide =

A

poly = many
saccharide = carbohydrate

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18
Q

Glucose is a _____

A

monosaccharide.

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19
Q

mono =
saccharide =

A

mono= one
saccharide = glucose

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20
Q

is a simple sugar
because it is one of the smallest
units of carbohydrates.

A

Glucose

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21
Q

There are 2 polysaccharide chains in plants:

A

cellulose
starch

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22
Q

is the structural
component of cell walls.

A

Cellulose

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23
Q

is a long term energy store that
the plant can use later.

A

starch

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24
Q

_____are full of round flattened discs
called______.

A

Chloroplasts,
thylakoids

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25
Q

are a plastid or plant cell organelle

A

Chloroplasts

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26
Q

A stack of thylakoids is called a _____.

A

granum.

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27
Q

are where photosynthesis occurs.

A

Chloroplasts

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28
Q

is the
space inside
chloroplasts

A

Stroma

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29
Q

A very long time ago, plant cells were once ancient eukaryotic cells that had enveloped a______ .

A

cyanobacteria

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30
Q

Eventually, the cyanobacteria became a part of the cell and dependent upon it for life which in turn gave the cell the ability to ______.

A

photosynthesize

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31
Q

A very long time ago, plant cells were once ancient eukaryotic cells that had enveloped a cyanobacteria. Eventually, the cyanobacteria became
a part of the cell and dependent upon it for life which in turn gave the cell the ability to photosynthesize.
This is called the _______.
(endo =)

A

This is called the endosymbiotic theory.
(endo = inside

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32
Q

are also
believed to have been
engulfed by ancient
eukaryotic cells through
endosymbiosis.

A

Mitochondria

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33
Q

Cyan comes from the Greek word cyanin which
means aqua colored.

A

Cyanobacteria

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34
Q

Not all bacteria that undergo photosynthesis are
cyanobacteria but all cyanobacteria are

A

photosynthetic
bacteria

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35
Q

are not cyanobacteria but were
the first bacteria discovered that can photosynthesize

A

purple bacteria

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36
Q

undergo photosynthesis in lakes, ponds, and
oceans.

A

Cynobacteria

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37
Q

Cyanobacteria lack

A

chloroplasts

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38
Q

Photosynthesis in plants happens in the _____.

A

chloroplasts

39
Q

chloroplasts are full of ___ stacked in _____.

A

thylakoids, granum

40
Q

The ______
are lined by pigments such as
chlorophyll and cartenoids.

A

thylakoid membranes

41
Q

The thylakoid membranes
are lined by pigments such as
_______and _____.

A

chlorophyll and cartenoid

42
Q

is a green pigment
and is the most abundant.

A

Chlorophyll

43
Q

____absorbs all wavelength colors
except green, which is reflected off giving plants their green appearance.

A

Chlorophyll

44
Q

These pigments harvest
light energy packets or
______when they
absorb sunlight.

A

photons

45
Q

capture light energy to power
photosynthesis.

A

Light reactions or
“light dependent reactions”

46
Q

Light reactions occur during the

A

day time

47
Q

light reactions takes place in

A

thylakoids

48
Q

Pigments in the thylakoid membranes form protein complexes called
______ and ____.

A

Photosystem I and Photosystem II

49
Q

These photosystems harvest _____to
charge up____carrying molecules that will power the dark reactions.

A

photons , energy

50
Q

do not need light energy to power their reactions and can occur day or night.

A

Dark reactions or “light independent

51
Q

Discovered by three scientists, the dark reactions are also called the _____ or just _____

A

Calvin-Bensen-Bassham cycle or just Calvin Cycle.

52
Q

Dark reactions occur in the ______ of chloroplasts (the space that surrounds thylakoids) and fix carbon dioxide into
glucose.

A

stroma

53
Q

Energy Carrying Molecules of Light Reactions

A

ATP AND NADP+

54
Q

can hold excited electrons (e-) charged from the light energy harvested by chlorophyll to become ____.

A

NADP+, NADPH

55
Q

passes the electron
it’s holding to power the dark reactions
and reverts back to NADP+.

A

NADPH

56
Q

is called the “cellular currency”
because it is used to power all the
reactions that take place in the cells
of all living things

A

ATP

57
Q

When ______ is
broken off it releases energy that
the cell can use.

A

ATP’s third phosphate

58
Q

is made when a third
phosphate group is added to
ADP (diphosphate, di = two

A

ATP

59
Q

The energy absorbed by the
chlorophyll during the light reactions is used to power ______that
breaks the bonds of water absorbed
through the plant’s roots.

A

photosystem II

60
Q

When water molecules break apart, the remaining two hydrogen atoms have a positive charge and are called .

A

protons

61
Q

When water molecules break apart, the remaining two hydrogen atoms have a positive charge and are called protons. These protons are kept inside the ___by the_____.

A

thylakoid, thylakoid membrane

62
Q

When there are more protons inside the thylakoid than in the stroma outside, protons
want to leave the ______thylakoid.

A

crowded

63
Q

When the protons (H+) cross the membrane to leave, a_____ uses their passage to power ATP production

A

protein

64
Q

The protein ____ attaches a phosphate group
to ADP (D = di or two) making it ATP (T = tri or three).

A

ATP synthase

65
Q

The light energy absorbed by
chlorophyll also powers
_____that charges up
the energy carrier molecule
NADP+ into NADPH.

A

photosystem I

66
Q

are absorbed by the pigments to
power photosystem I and photosystem II.

A

Photons

67
Q

splits water molecules into
two protons (H+) and oxygen atoms are expelled as O2
gas through the stomata.

A

Photosystem II

68
Q

______ cross the thylakoid membrane and D
power protein complex ATP synthase to make
_____

A

Protons, ATP

69
Q

____ is powered up by photosystem I to
make _____ to be used in the dark reactions

A

NADP+, NADPH

70
Q

_____finish with
charged NADPH, ATP, and released O2.

A

Light dependent reactions

71
Q

_____Also called the Calvin Cycle, the_____ start and end with the same products hence “cycle”.

A

dark reactions, dark reactions

72
Q

All the dark reactions take place in the_____ of the chloroplast.

A

stroma

73
Q

The Calvin Cycle starts with ______ and_____. An enzyme
called ______ combines them into an unstable intermediate.

A

RuBP molecules and carbon dioxide molecules.
Rubisco

74
Q

is the starting molecule and ending molecule of
the Calvin Cycle. It will be remade at the end of the
cycle so that the cycle can begin again

A

RuBP

75
Q

Since the intermediate of
combined RuBP and CO2
is unstable it quickly splits in
half and form_____ which are stable.

A

2 molecules of 3-PGA

76
Q

The_____ and _____ from the light reactions provide the energy to convert the two molecules of 3-PGA into their final form G3P

A

ATP and NADPH

77
Q

are joined to make a glucose molecule.

A

2 G3P

78
Q

The left overs are
reused in the light
reactions to remake
_____and___

A

ATP and NADPH

79
Q

Not all____ is made into glucose.

A

G3P

80
Q

The______ occurs in every stroma in every chloroplast in every plant cell every second of every day.

A

Calvin Cycle

81
Q

____converts the
carbon from carbon dioxide
into glucose in the stroma. This
is called_____
because carbon is fixed into
another form.

A

The calvin Cycle
carbon fixation

82
Q

is carried out in two steps.

A

Photosynthesis

83
Q

are the producers of the biosphere creating the oxygen
and glucose needed for most organisms.

A

Plants

84
Q

are the site of photosynthesis in plants

A

Chloroplasts

85
Q

contain thylakoids where the light reactions take
place.

A

Chloroplasts

86
Q

convert sunlight into ATP and NADPH.

A

Light reactions

87
Q

The _____uses ATP and NADPH to
convert CO2
into sugar

A

dark reactions or Calvin Cycle

88
Q

cooperate to
convert light energy into chemical energy housed in glucose.

A

The light reactions and the dark reaction

89
Q

use glucose to power metabolic processes.

A

Plants and animals

90
Q

The ____ provides the energy for the reaction

A

sunlight

91
Q

Freed oxygen atoms bind with each other to form the __.

A

gas 02

92
Q

_____is a by product of photosynthesis not used by the plant so it is released through the stomata of plants.

A

O2

93
Q

_____ (Greek for mouth) are little pores in leaves that open and close to let oxygen out and carbon dioxide in.

A

Stomata

Gen. Biology (18 decks)

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