CELL TYPES AND CELL MODIFICATION Flashcards
are group of similar cells which perform a definite function
Tissues
types of animal tissues
EPITHELIAL TISSUES
CONNECTIVE TISSUES
MUSCLE TISSUES
NERVE TISSUES
cover body surfaces.
Epithelial Tissues
Outer layer of skin and the lining of organs
Epithelial Tissues
Also found in glandular tissue
Epithelial Tissues
Play roles in absorption, filtration, secretion, and protection against foreign substances
Epithelial Tissues
Usually fit closely together in continuous sheets
Special Characteristics of Epithelium
Exception: glandular epithelium
Special Characteristics of Epithelium
______ (Have no blood supply of their own)
Avascular
How do they get nutrients? (EPITHELIUM)
If well nourished, epithelial cells regenerate themselves easily.
Have one free (unattached) surface or edge called the apical surface
Special Characteristics of Epithelium
Exposed to body’s exterior or to the cavity of an internal organ
Apical surface
Lower surface of an epithelium rests on a ______
basement membrane
Structureless material secreted by both the epithelial cells and the connective tissue cells
basement membrane
Classification of Epithelium - first :
First: indicates relative number of cell layers
______ (one layer of cells)
Simple
________(more than one cell layer)
Stratified
Classification of Epithelium - second
Second: describes the shape of cells
_______ (cells flattened like scales)
Squamous
_______ (cube-shaped)
Cuboidal
_______ (shaped like columns)
Columnar
tissue is composed of flat, scale-like cells that usually forms membranes
Simple Squamous Epithelium
It lines the walls of blood vessels, pulmonary alveoli (shown here), and the lining of the heart, lung, and peritoneal cavities.
Simple Squamous Epithelium
This tissue is composed of a single layer of cube-like cells.
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
It lines the walls of kidney tubules, covers the surface of ovaries, and is common in glands and their ducts.
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
This tissue is composed of a single layer of tall cells.
Simple Columnar Epithelium
It often includes mucus-producing goblet cells.
Simple Columnar Epithelium
It often lines the digestive tract.
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Although this tissue appears stratified, it is actually composed of a single layer of cells of different types.
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Although their nuclei are found at different levels, each cell adjoins the basal membrane (BM).
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
This tissue lines the larger respiratory passageways
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
It is often ciliated (arrows).
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Main functions: absorption and secretion
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Ciliated variety lines respiratory tract
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Mucus produced by goblet cells traps dust and other debris
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Cilia propel mucus upward and away from the lungs
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
The term “__________” refers to the layered arrangement of cells.
stratified
The outer layers of cells appear flat, but the inner cells vary in shape from cuboidal to columnar.
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
serves as a barrier to the outside environment in locations such as the skin, mouth, and esophagus.
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
is found in the ducts of sweat glands and surrounds Graafian follicles of ovaries.
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching
Transitional Epithelium
It lines organs of the urinary system.
Transitional Epithelium
Some epithelial membranes are made up of cells with cilia, tiny projections that beat in unison to move mucus along the surface.
Ciliated Epithelium
in the trachea, for example, sweep debris out of the respiratory tract.
Ciliated Epithelium
A_______ is defined as one or more cells responsible for secreting a particular product
gland
Two major gland types
endocrine gland
exocrine gland
Ductless since secretions diffuse into blood vessels
Endocrine gland (Glandular Epithelium)
All secretions are hormones
Examples include pituitary, pancreas, ovaries, teste
Endocrine gland (Glandular Epithelium)
Secretions empty through ducts to the epithelial surface
Exocrine gland (Glandular Epithelium)
Include sweat and oil glands
Exocrine gland (Glandular Epithelium)
Binds structures together
Connective Tissue
Provides support & protection
Connective Tissue
Fills spaces
Connective Tissue
Produces blood cells
Connective Tissue
Stores fat
Connective Tissue
For energy, insulation, organ protection
Connective Tissue
Fibrous Connective Tissue
Loose (areolar) connective tissue
adipose
Dense connective tissue
Regular
irregular
Reticular connective tissue
Lies between other tissues or between organs binding them
Loose (areolar) Connective Tissue
Cells made of fibroblasts – large, star-shaped cells
Loose (areolar) Connective Tissue
Contains many white fibers (strong and flexible) and yellow fibers (very elastic)
Loose (areolar) Connective Tissue
is a type of loose connective tissue
Adipose tissue
stores fats, provides insulation
Adipose tissue
found beneath skin, around kidney & heart, breast
Adipose tissue
Consists of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers
Regular - Dense Connective Tissue
Found in tendons & ligaments
Regular - Dense Connective Tissue
Binds organs together
Regular - Dense Connective Tissue
Bundles run in different direction
Irregular - Dense Connective Tissue
Found in inner portion of skin
Irregular - Dense Connective Tissue
The cell (chondrocytes) lies in small chambers called lacunae
Cartilage
The cell (chondrocytes) lies in small chambers called ___
lacunae
Matrix is solid yet flexible
Cartilage
_____ is solid yet flexible
Matrix
Lacks direct blood supply, as a result, it heals slowly
Cartilage
3 types of cartilage
Hyaline cartilage-trachea
- Elastic cartilage – ear
- Fibrocartilage - ACL
Most rigid of the connective tissues
Bones
Minerals and protein fibers gives ____ rigidity, elasticity and strength
Bones
two types of bones
Compact bone
Spongy bone
Found in the outer portion of long bones
Compact Bone
Consists of many cylindrical-shaped units called osteon
Compact Bone
Found on ends of long bone
Spongy Bone
Contains bony bars and plates called trabeculae separated by irregular spaces
Spongy Bone
Blood cells are made within the red marrow found in the ____
Spongy Bone
Connective tissue composed of cells suspended in liquid matrix called plasma
Blood
carries oxygen
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
White blood cells (leukocytes
White blood cells (leukocytes)
fragment of giant cells found in bone marrow
Platelets
This tissue is characterized by properties that allow movement.
Muscle tissue
____cells are excitable; they respond to stimulus.
muscle
They are contractile, which means they will shorten and generate a propulsion force.
Muscle tissue
The three types of muscle tissue are the following:
- Skeletal
- Smooth
- Cardiac
It is a voluntary muscle.
Skeletal muscle
tissue has regularly arranged bundles.
Skeletal muscle
It is anchored by tendons and is used to affect _________ movement, such as locomotion, and maintain posture
skeletal muscle
The muscles have a reflex action but can also respond to conscious control.
Skeletal muscle
is an involuntary,non-striated muscle with tapered ends that lacks striations.
Smooth muscle
It is found within the walls of blood vessels such as arteries and veins.
Smooth muscle
muscle is also found in the digestive system, urinary tract and in the trachea.
Smooth muscle
It is responsible for involuntary rhythmic contractions of peristalsis, required for moving food down the alimentary canal, and for the dilation and construction of blood vessels to control blood pressure
Smooth muscle
is the major type of tissue constitutes the walls of the heart.
Cardiac muscle
It is an involuntary muscle that is striated in appearance and contains intercalated disc.
Cardiac muscle
connects at branching, irregular angles
. Cardiac muscle
The connected branches help with coordinated contractions of the heart.
Cardiac muscle
Coordinates, regulates, and integrates body functions.
Nervous Tissue
Cells making up the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system are classified as_______.
nervous tissue
In the peripheral nervous system the _______ forms the cranial nerves and spinal nerves, which include the sensory and motor neurons
nervous tissue
composed of nerve cells known as neurons and glial cells that perform as support cells
Nervous Tissue
These neurons perceive stimuli and transmit electrical signals all over the animal body.
Nervous Tissue
The dendrite is the part of the neuron that receives impulses from other neurons while the axon is the part where the impulse is transmitted to other neurons.
Nervous Tissue
Have one free (unattached) surface or edge called the _____
apical surface
