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Anya's Study Cards > Life Science Final Study > Flashcards

Life Science Final Study Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the evolutionary tree of life?

A

The evolutionary tree shows how organisms are related/what their common ancestor was.

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1
Q

What is evolution?

A

Evolution is the change in a species overtime.

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2
Q

What is scientific theory supported by?

A

EVIDENCE

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3
Q

How do fossils show evidence for evolution?

A

Fossils support evidence for evolution because they show a lot of similarity’s in different species; Species look different today than how they looked in the past, so we know that species change overtime.

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4
Q

How does adaptations support the theory of evolution?

A

Adaptations enables better survival and reproduction compared with other members of the species, leading to evolution.

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5
Q

How does selective breeding/ artificial selection support the theory of evolution?

A

If humans can change the species to evolve, then is is likely that this can occur naturally as well.

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6
Q

How does anatomical structures (homologous) support evidence for evolution?

A

Homologous Structures have similar structures in lots of different species that are used for very different things.

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7
Q

How does patterns in embryonic development support evidence for evolution?

A

Early in development, more related species look very similar, showing evidence for common ancesty.

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8
Q

How does similarities in DNA and proteins support evidence for evolution?

A

The genetic code for proteins show that all life once shared a common ancestor, meaning that everything used to have the same DNA (a very long time ago)

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9
Q

How does observations of evolution support the theory of evolution?

A

Homologous structures provide evidence for common ancestry and analogous structures show that similar selective pressures can provide similar adaptations.

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10
Q

What is the difference between divergent evolution (which creates organisms with homologous structures) and convergent evolution (which creates organisms with analogous structures) ?

A

convergent evolution is the separate evolution of similar traits in different species, resulting from adaptation to similar environments. Divergent evolution is when related species evolve different traits due to different selective pressures.

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11
Q

What is a ecosystem?

A

A ecosystem is when a group of organisms rely on each other for survival (non-living and living things).

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12
Q

What is the difference between a producer (autotroph) and a consumer (heterotroph)?

A

Producers produce their own food and consumers rely on producers for food.

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13
Q

What are some similarities and differences between herbivores, omnivores, carnivores, and decomposers?

A

Similar: Herbivores, omnivores, carnivores, and decomposers all are consumers.
Difference: Herbivores eat plants carnivores eat meat, omnivores eat plants and meat, and decomposers eat waste.

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14
Q

Why are decomposers important in ecosystems?

A

Without the decomposer, the world would be covered in waste.

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15
Q

What are abiotic factors?

A

Non living things that effect a ecosystem.

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16
Q

What are biotic factors?

A

Living things that affect a ecosystem.

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17
Q

On average, what percentage of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next?

A

~10%

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18
Q

The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, so how is the rest of that energy “lost” from the ecosystem?

A

HEAT!!

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19
Q

What part of the pyramid contains the most biomass?

A

The bottom of the pyramid because those are producers and all organisms are directly or indirectly dependent on the producers.

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20
Q

Are matter and energy created and destroyed in a ecosystem or just rearranged?

A

Rearranged.

21
Q

What do the arrows represent in the food web?

A

The transfer of matter and energy to a organism.

22
Q

How do matter and energy initially enter the ecosystem?

A

Energy enters through sunlight.
Matter enters through complex carbohydrates.

23
Q

Where is DNA stored?

A

Nucleus!

24
Q

What do Ribosomes build?

A

Proteins that allow us to express our traits.

25
Q

What do chloroplasts preform?

A

Photosynthesis > Carbon dioxide + water + sunlight > glucose sugar + oxygen.

26
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms use oxygen to break down food molecules to get chemical energy for cell functions.

27
Q

What does the mitochondria preform?

A

Cellular respiration> glucose sugar + oxygen > carbon dioxide + water + ATP energy.

28
Q

Why is photosynthesis/Cellular respiration important?

A

It cycles the matter and energy in a ecosystem.

29
Q

How genetic information passed from parent to offspring?

A

in the form of DNA

30
Q

What do genes determine?

A

Which proteins we produce, and proteins determine what traits we express. (Genes/DNA > Protein > Traits)

31
Q

Asexual Reproduction:

A

When one parent can reproduce by itself.

32
Q

Sexual Reproduction:

A

When 2 parents are needed in order to reproduce (one male one female)

33
Q

What can impact the expression of traits?

A

The environment.

34
Q

Why can inheritance be complex?

A

Most traits are controlled by more than one gene.

35
Q

What traits are always expressed?

A

Dominant traits.

36
Q

How many recessive alleles are needed to express a recessive trait?

A

2

37
Q

How many alleles does one human have per gene? How much is inherited from each parent?

A

Per gene there are 2 alleles one is inherited from each parent.

38
Q

Mutations occur….

A

..randomly.

39
Q

What is the initial source of genetic variation?

A

Mutations.

40
Q

You are a mutated brown bunny in a brown environment, while others are white. Is this an example of a helpful harmful or neutral mutation?

A

Helpful because it avoids predation.

41
Q

You are a mutated white bunny in a brown environment, while others are brown. Is this a example of a helpful, harmful, or neutral mutation?

A

Harmful because you are more vulnerable to predation.

42
Q

You are a mutated human with a blue eye and a brown eye, your other friends have one colored eyes. Is this a example of a helpful, harmful, or neutral mutation?

A

Neutral because it does not hurt nor harm you in any way.

43
Q

How is overproduction related to natural selection?

A

When you overproduce, only the fittest will survive.

44
Q

How is genetic variation related to natural selection?

A

If a trait is advantageous and helps the individual survive and reproduce, the genetic variation is more likely to be passed to the next generation

45
Q

How is selective pressures related to natural selection?

A

Selective pressures are considered forces that drive evolution via natural selection.

46
Q

How is reproduction related to natural selection?

A

genetic mutations that are beneficial to an individual’s survival are passed on through reproduction.

47
Q

What is biodiversity and why is it important for the ecosystem?

A

Biodiversity is how all living things interact with each other. This is important because without the range of animals and plants we don’t have a healthy ecosystem.

48
Q

What is a limiting factor and why is it important for the ecosystem?

A

A limiting factor is like predation. This is important because is helps us understand the ecosystem by telling us what factors keeps our ecosystem balanced.

49
Q

What is divergent evolution?

A

Divergent evolution is when a related species that lives in a different environment with different selective pressures inherits separate traits.

50
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

Convergent evolution is when different species inherit the same traits because of similar selective pressures and environment.

Anya's Study Cards (19 decks)

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