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Yr1-S1- Science for Medicine > Life at the Cellular level > Flashcards

Life at the Cellular level Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Prokaryote characteristics

A

lack nuclear membrane

no mitochondria

no membrane bound structures

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2
Q

Eukaryote characteristics

A

human cells

multi cellular animals and plants

nucleus with membrane

membrane bound structures

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3
Q

Multuipotent

A

cells that can differentiate into many cell types

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4
Q

pluripotent

A

all cell types of the body

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5
Q

types of tissues

A

epithelial
connective
nervous
muscular

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6
Q

Adherens junctions

A

link actin filaments

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7
Q

Desmosomes

A

link keratin filaments

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8
Q

ER and Golgi apparatus

A

membrane bound

rough ER has ribosomes attached to it

they coordinate protein modifications and transport

smooth ER is used mainly to breakdown compounds

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9
Q

Lysosomes

A

used to separate enzymes from the rest of the cell

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10
Q

99% of you are the elements…

A

H, O, N and C

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11
Q

Functional groups define

A

biomolecular function

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12
Q

Nucleic acids

A

polymers of nucleotide monomers

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13
Q

Retrovir

A

A nucleotide analogue

analogue of THYMINE nucleotide found in DNA

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14
Q

Polysaccharides

A

polymers of sugar monomers linked by GLYCOSIDIC BONDS

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15
Q

d-Glucose is deemed a reducing sugar because

A

the linear form has an aldehyde group which can be oxidised

if it is oxidised then the other reactant would be reduced - so the glucose would be termed a ‘reducing sugar’

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16
Q

entropy

A

gauge of randomness or chaos within a closed system

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17
Q

enthalpy

A

heat released to surroundings

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18
Q

A spontaneous process must decrease ……. and/or increase ……….

A

enthalpy (H)

entropy (S)

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19
Q

delta G

A

change in gibbs free energy

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20
Q

𐤃G =

A

𐤃H - T 𐤃S

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21
Q

Spontaneous reactions only occur if 𐤃G is…

A

-ve

so if the reaction releases energy

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22
Q

Normal biological processes require more order… so have …… 𐤃G

A

+ve

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23
Q

Free energy flows between …….. and ………. processes allowing them to occur

A

catabolic and anabolic

24
Q

Enzymes function to…

A

selectively alter the rate of particular parts of metabolic pathways

25
Q

Glucose releases its potential energy by

A

heat

26
Q

ATP–> ADP releases…

A

Free energy

which is harnessed to drive thermodynamically unfavourable reactions

27
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

thermodynamically unfavourable reactions proceed

28
Q

Catabolic

A

coupling allows for thermodynamically favourable reactions to proceed

29
Q

Glucose releases its potential energy when it is

A

degraded

intermediate step produces PEP

30
Q

PEP

A

acts as an intermediate for a reaction that goes on to produce ATP during PEP to Pyruvate conversion

31
Q

𐤃G for PEP to Pyruvate

A

-31.4 kJ/mol

32
Q

H atoms are utilised as an

A

energy source

eg - palmitate has loads of H atoms - so is rich in energy

33
Q

Hydrolysis (ATP –> ADP) will

A

decrease in free energy

34
Q

Condensation (ADP–> ATP)

A

requires free energy

35
Q

Water is polar/non-polar

A

POLAR

36
Q

O is more electronegative than H so it…

A

attracts the electrons of the covalent bonds towards it

37
Q

Polarity allows for

A

hydrogen bonding

38
Q

H bonds are the strongest when the 3 atoms involved lie

A

in a straight line

39
Q

Molecules that form hydrogen bonds are

A

water soluble

eg sugars
alcohols
aldehydes
ketones

40
Q

oxygen and carbon dioxide have no POLARITY which makes then poorly

A

water soluble

41
Q

Charged Molecules

the water forms ‘screens’ around each ion - keeping the NaCl

A

in solution once dissolved

42
Q

Charged (polar) molecules are

A

hydrophilic

43
Q

Uncharged (non-polar) molecules are

A

hydrophobic

44
Q

Only the lipids at the …. force the ordering of water

A

edge of the cluster of lipids

45
Q

hydrophobic lipids are transported in the blood in a

A

chylomicron

46
Q

water has a neutral pH because what are equal?

A

H and OH

47
Q

Strong acids

A

dissociate fully

48
Q

weak acids only

A

partially dissociate

49
Q

acids are proton

A

donors

50
Q

bases are proton

A

acceptors

51
Q

a proton donor and a proton acceptor together make up a

A

conjugate acid-base pair

52
Q

The stronger the acid the greater its tendency to

A

lose a proton (and vice versa)

53
Q

The tendency for any acid to lose a proton and form its conjugate base is defined as the

A

equilibrium constant (Keq)

or

dissociation constant (Ka)

54
Q

Kw

A

ion production of water

55
Q

Henderson Hasselbalch equation

A

relates the acid dissociation equation to the buffering of a weak acid/conjugate base

56
Q

If blood did not have a biocarbonate buffer system - then pH would

A

fluctuate wildly as cellular products of acids would cause drops in blood pH

57
Q

normal blood pH is

A

7.4

Yr1-S1- Science for Medicine (19 decks)

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