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Yr1-S1- Science for Medicine > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

carbohydrates stored as ……….. in human

A

glycogen

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2
Q

monosaccharide’s

A

glucose galactose fructose

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3
Q

disaccharides

A

monomers linked with glycosidic bonds

hydroxyl + carbon group

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4
Q

important disaccharides

A

maltose
lactose
sucrose

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5
Q

Maltose is a breakdown product of

A

starch

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6
Q

maltose can be ………. (so is a reducing sugar)

A

oxidised

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7
Q

Lactose is formed from a glycosidic bond between

reducing sugar

A

galactose and glucose

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8
Q

Sucrose is NOT a

A

reducing sugar

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9
Q

two types of glucose polymer in starch

A

amylose

amylopectin

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10
Q

Starch has lots of ………….. and very few ………….

A

non-reducing ends

reducing ends

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11
Q

90% of glycogen is kept in the

A

liver and skeletal muscle

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12
Q

Glycoproteins

A

proteins that have carbohydrates covalently attaches

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13
Q

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGS)

A

polymers made from repeated units of hexuronic acid and an amino sigar

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14
Q

Proteoglycan

A

made from GAGs covalently attaching to proteins

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15
Q

Mucopolysaccharidoses

A

disorders caused by the absence or malfunction of enzymes that are required to breakdown GAGs

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16
Q

Mucopolysaccharidoses example

A

hurler syndrome

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17
Q

Glucose is absorbed through an

A

ATP powered process

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18
Q

ATP driven Na+ pump maintain a low cellular Na+

A

so glucose can be continually moved in to the epithelial cells

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19
Q

cellulose and hemicellulose cannot be

A

digested by the gut

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20
Q

lack of oligosaccharides leads to

A

poor health

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21
Q

Most common disaccharide deficiency

A

lactose intolerance

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22
Q

Glucose diffuses through the intestinal epithelium into the

A

portal blood and on to the liver

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23
Q

Glucose is immediately phosphorylated into

A

glucose 6 phosphate by the hepatocytes

24
Q

Synthesis of glycogen

glycogenin begins the process by covalently binding glucose from

A

UDP-glucose

forms 8 glucose residues

25
Q

Synthesis of glycogen

glycogen synthase takes over to…

A

extend the glucose chains

26
Q

Synthesis of glycogen

the chains formed by glycogen synthase are broken by…

A

glycogen-branching enzymes

then reattached by alpha 1 to 6 bonds to give BRANCH POINTS

27
Q

von gierke’s disease

A

liver glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency

high liver glycogen
low blood glucose
high blood lacatate

28
Q

McArdle’s disease

A

skeletal muscle phosphorylase deficiency

high MUSCLE glycogen

29
Q

Glycolysis

A

saves some potential energy from glucose/glucose-6-phosphate by forming ATP through substrate level phosphorylation

30
Q

Glycolysis gives a net gain of ….ATP (and NADH) per glucose molecule

A

2

31
Q

only G3p can participate in glycolysis so….

A

the other 3 C sugar produced must convert into G3P

so theres 2 G3Ps per glucose molecules

32
Q

Glycolysis first step

A

glucose to G6P

33
Q

glycolysis G6P –>

A

F6P

34
Q

Glycolysis F6P –>

A

F 1,6 p bisp

35
Q

F16 bisp then gets cleaved to give

A

splitting of glycolysis

2 different 3C triose sugars

36
Q

after 2 G3P’s are formed…

A

oxidation of G3P to 1,3 bisPG

37
Q

1,2 bis pG to

A

ADP

2 ATP are produced

38
Q

3-PG to

A

2 - PG

39
Q

2 PG to

A

PEP

40
Q

PEP to

A

ADP

2 ATPs produced

final step that produces pyruvate

41
Q

No NAD+ mean no

A

glycolysis

42
Q

What happens to pyruvate? can turn into……

A

ethanol

lactate

co2

43
Q

pyruvate goes to lactate in cells lacking

A

oxygen

via fermentation

44
Q

Cori Cycle

A

ATP is make via substrate level phosphorylation - producing lactate

45
Q

in the cori cycle - lactate is converted to glucose in the liver by…

A

gluconeogenesis

46
Q

bypass reactions

A

4 reactions that sidestep the 3 irreversible reactions of glycolysis

47
Q

….. and ……… can enter glycolysis at various points

A

fructose and galactose

48
Q

pentose pathway produces

A

NADPH for all organisms

49
Q

pentose pathway has 2 phases

A

irreversible oxidative part

reversible, non-oxidative part

50
Q

NAD+ is used in

A

metabolism of dietary sugars in the redox reactions of glycolysis

51
Q

NADP+ is used in

A

anabolism to convert simple precursors into FAs

52
Q

alcohol inhibits

A

gluconeogenesis

53
Q

black water fever

A

G6P dehydrogenase deficiency

54
Q

TCA cycle occurs in the

A

mitochondrial matrix

55
Q

TCA cycle removes e-‘s and passes them on to form

A

NADH and FADH2

56
Q

TCA

pyruvate from glycolysis and FAs are oxidised to

A

acetyl CoA in the mitochondrial matrix

via the help of pyruvate dehydrogenase

Yr1-S1- Science for Medicine (19 decks)

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