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histology exam 1 > leukocytes- agranulocytes > Flashcards

leukocytes- agranulocytes Flashcards

1
Q

agranulocytes

A

-leukocytes that only contain primary granules; these granules are so small they are often overlooked
-have a round or indented nucleus

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2
Q

what mechanism do leukocytes use to enter the connective tissue?

A

homing mechanism

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3
Q

what are the steps of the homing mechanism?

A
  1. rolling & attachment (reversible binding)
  2. adhesion (strong interaction b/w leukocyte & endothelial cell)
  3. transendothelial migration AKA diapedesis (migrate across endothelium)
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4
Q

what are the 2 types of agranulocytes?

A

monocytes & lymphocytes

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5
Q

“Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas”

A

relative concentrations of WBCs
neutrophils –> lymphocytes –> monocytes –> eosinophils –> basophils

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6
Q

complete blood count (CBC)

A

total number of RBCs & WBCs

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7
Q

differential cell count

A

relative percentages of WBCs

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8
Q

what is occurring if there is high number of WBCs?

A

infection or tumor

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9
Q

what are the suffixes that relate to high amounts of something?

A

-philia
-osis

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10
Q

what causes high number of neutrophils?

A

acute inflammation, bacteria

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11
Q

what causes high number of lymphocytes & monocytes?

A

subacute inflammation, viral

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12
Q

what causes high number of eosinophils?

A

allergies, parasites

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13
Q

what is occuring if there is a low number of WBCs?

A

immune supression or tumor

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14
Q

what are the suffixes that relate to low amounts of something?

A

-penia

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15
Q

neutropenia

A

transient reduction in number of neutrophils can occur due to cytokines in early viral infections

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16
Q

cytopenia

A

-continued reduction in number of WBCs
-demand > supply

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17
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

low number of platelets

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18
Q

How big are monocytes compared to RBC?

A

3x diameter

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19
Q

Relative amount of monocytes compared to other leukocytes:

A

3-8%

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20
Q

Shape of nucleus of monocytes:

A

kidney/U/mickey mouse (Alli) shaped

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21
Q

How long to monocytes stay in the blood stream?

A

12-100 hours

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22
Q

Activity of monocytes:

A

lysosomal and phagocytic

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23
Q

After monocytes enter the CT, what do they become?

A

macrophages

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24
Q

How long can macrophages survive in the tissues?

A

several months

25
Q

What do macrophages do in the tissues?

A

bacterial phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and clean up of old cell debris

26
Q

Examples of macrophages in tissues

A

Kupfer cells in liver, microglial in CNS, Langerhans cells in skin, dust cells in lungs, and osteoclasts in bones

27
Q

In what type of infections are monocytes active?

A

subacute to chronic infections

28
Q

What is it called when monocytes fuse together?

A

epithelioid giant cells in chronic granulomas

29
Q

Where do lymphocytes develop?

A

bone marrow

30
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

A

T and B lymphocytes

31
Q

What do T lymphocytes do?

A

manage and direct an immune response and some directly attack foreign cells and virus infected cells

32
Q

What do B lymphocytes do?

A

they are stimulated to become plasma cells and make antibodies

33
Q

Relative amount of lymphocytes compared to all WBC:

A

either 20-45% or 20-25%

34
Q

What type of infections are lymphocytes active in ?

A

subacute to chronic infections

35
Q

What is the life span of lymphocytes?

A

days to years

36
Q

Size of small lymphocytes:

A

6-9um

37
Q

size of large lymphocytes

A

9-16um

38
Q

Percentage of lymphocytes that are B cells:

A

4-10%

39
Q

Percentage of lymphocytes that are T cells:

A

90%

40
Q

Where are most lymphocytes found?

A

lymphatic tissue

41
Q

Where are B cells formed and become immunocompetent?

A

in the bone marrow

42
Q

What is the process that B cells go through after encountering an antigen?

A

amplification/clonal expansion

43
Q

B and T cells that do not replicate by remain:

A

memory or effector cells

44
Q

What is present on B cell membranes that allow them to function as Ag presenting cells?

A

HLA type II surface markers and surface immunoglobulins

45
Q

Responses that B and T cells are active in:

A

anamnestic response of humoral immunity

46
Q

Where are T cells formed?

A

bone marrow

47
Q

Where do T cells become immunocompetent?

A

thymus

48
Q

Type of immunity T cells are involved in:

A

Cell mediated immunity

49
Q

Receptors on T cells that present antibodies:

A

paratopes

50
Q

Receptors on T cells that recognized foreign proteins on antigens:

A

epitopes

51
Q

What do CD molecules on T cells do?

A

recognized HLA receptors on other cells
-help to avoid any “self” destruction

52
Q

Three types of T cells

A

cytotoxic, suppressor, and helper

53
Q

What do cytotoxic/killer T cells do?

A

recognize cells with foreign surface antigens or receptors and kill them
-punch holes in the plasma membrane

54
Q

What do helper T cells do?

A

recognize Ag and secrete lymphokines that will stimulate B cells to make antibodies or Tk cells to kill the pathogen

55
Q

What do suppressor T cells do?

A

suppress the activity of B cells
-dampen immune response so the body does not just kill everything, including self

56
Q

What are Null cells?

A

lymphocytes that do not have the markers of T or B cells

57
Q

Example of a null cell:

A

Natural killer cell

58
Q

What are null cells responsible for?

A

nonspecific cytotoxicity against virus infected and tumor cells
-function in Ab-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity

59
Q

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency

A

defect in wound healing, recurrent infections, and marked leukocytosis

histology exam 1 (13 decks)

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