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histology exam 1 > cell ultrastructure and cytoskeleton > Flashcards

cell ultrastructure and cytoskeleton Flashcards

1
Q

2 major classes of organisms

A

prokaryotes (bacteria / archea)

eukaryotes

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2
Q

Prokaryotes

A

NO nucleus with nuclear envelopme membrane or bound organelles or histones

circular DNA

Flagella lack axoneme

cell wall

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3
Q

Eukaryotes

A

CONTAINS nucleus with nuclear envelope and membrane bound organelles

histones complexed with DNA (DNA wraps around to form packed histones)

DNA organized into chromosomes

Flagella axoneme present

Cell wall absent in animals present in plants and fungi

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4
Q

Protoplasm

A

70-85% water ; electrolytes proteins lipids carbohydrates

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5
Q

Cytoplasm

A

semi liquid contents between cell membrane and nuclear membrane surround organelles

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6
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

within the nucleus

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7
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains DNA

20% of nuclear mass

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8
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm

highly regulated membrane barrier

Contains: DNA nucleoproteins ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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9
Q

Nuclear envelope has how many layers

A

2
inner and outer nuclear membrane

separated by perinucler cistern

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10
Q

Outer membrane of nuclear envelope

A

double layered lipid membrane studded with ribosomes participating in protein synthesis

tends to be continuous with rER in many places

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11
Q

Inner membrane of nuclear envelope

A

lipid bilayer that separates the perinuclear space from nucleoplasm

connect to outer membrane by pores

associated with network of lamin filaments for support called nuclear lamina

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12
Q

Lamins

A

major architectural proteins of the animal cell nucleus

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13
Q

Nuclear pore complex

A

inner and outer nuclear membranes connected by nuclear pore complex 70-80 nm in diameter

mediated transport of all macromolecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

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14
Q

Nucleoproteins (3)

A

Histones
Nucleosomes
non-histones

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15
Q

Histones

A

most of DNA associated protein in eukaryotes

organizing and packaging DNA of a cell nucleus into structural units known as nucelosomes

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16
Q

nucleosomes

A

segments of DNA wrap around several histones

regulate DNA activity

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17
Q

NON histones

A

additional category of nucleoproteins PROTAMINE

could also be involved in gene activity

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18
Q

Nucleolus

A

site of ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosomal assembly

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19
Q

nucleolus forms around

A

specific chromosomal regions called nucleolar organizing regions

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20
Q

Chromosomes

A

DNA complexed with nucleoproteins to form chromatin

chromatin packaged into chromosomes

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21
Q

gene

A

individual chromosomes contain genes or segments of DNA coding for particular traits

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22
Q

Alleles

A

different forms for the same gene

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23
Q

in most eurkaryotic cells chromosomes

A

exist as homologous pairs

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24
Q

diploid

A

2n = 46

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25
Q

haploid

A

n = 23 found in eggs and sperm

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26
Q

Karyotyping

A

sorting of chromosome pairs according to size and shape

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27
Q

Mosaicism

A

cells within one individual have different genetic makeup

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28
Q

Chimeras

A

multiple cell lines (geneotypes) with different set of chromosomes in a single individual

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29
Q

Heterochromatin

A

electron dense darkly staining inactive DNA and nucleoproteins

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30
Q

Barr body

A

permanently inactive DNA

represents degenerate X chromosome only 1 of the pair is active

31
Q

Euchromatin

A

dispersed DNA active in transcription (RNA synthesis)

32
Q

most chromatin in nucleus is

A

inactive heterochromatin

33
Q

lamp brush chromosomes

A

active portions of unraveled chromosomes

34
Q

Ribosomes

A

2 subunits 40S and 60S

synthesized and assembled in nucleolus

35
Q

Ribosomes are found in

A

free in cytoplasm

attached to rER

nuclear membrane

36
Q

polyribosomes or polysomes

A

aggregates of ribosomes and mRNA

frequently attach to ER -> rER

37
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

network or reticulum of tiny tubular structure scattered in the cytoplasm

38
Q

ER divides intracellularspace into

A

2 distinct compartments

luminal = inside ER

extra luminal = cytoplasm outside compartments

39
Q

Rough ER

A

is frequently observed in the cells actively involved in protein synthesis and secretion

40
Q

smooth ER

A

is the major site for synthesis of lipid

in animal cells lipid like steroidal hormones are synthesized in sER

functions in synthesis of cholesterol and steroid hormones and is principle organelle involved in detoxification and conjugation of drugs and toxins

41
Q

Coated vesicles (COPI/II)

A

surround and coat proteins for transport bud off sER transport proteins between sER and Golgi and between golgi and cell surface

42
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

functions in post translational modification packaging and sorting of proteins synthesized in rER

ex. sulfation phosphorylation glycosylation

43
Q

Faces of the Golgi Apparatus

A

Cis (convex) golgi network = forming face -> proteins arrive from rER coated in transfer vesicles

Trans (concave) Golgi network = maturing face -> proteins packaged into clathrin coated vesicle for secretion

44
Q

Cis face is

A

closest to the rER ; convex

45
Q

Trans face is

A

were things leave the golgi ; concave

46
Q

Fates of things leaving the golgi apparatus

A

condensing vacuoles - vesicles bud off trans face

secretory vesicles - for extracellular export via exocytosis

membrane bound vesicles - for intracellular use

secretory granules - long term storage

47
Q

Membrane trafficking

A

during exocytosis and secretion large amounts of intracellular membrane incorporated into outer cell membrane recycled by golgi

48
Q

Lysosomes

A

breaks things down

membrane bound vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes
ex. acid phosphatase

responsible for digestion of macromolecules old cell parts and microorganisms

49
Q

1’ lysosomes

A

newly formed lysosomes produced by rER and golgi

inactive

50
Q

2’ lysosome

A

secondary lysosomes -> 1’ lysosomes fuse with phagocytic vesicles or phagosomes and become active

function in intracellular digestion

51
Q

3’ lysosome

A

hydrolytic breakdown results in production of 3’ lysosomes AKA residual body

may be excreted or remain in cells for life ex. lipfuscin pigment granules in neurons

52
Q

what are lysosomes also used for?

A

to degrade organelles and cells with finite life spans during apoptosis

53
Q

Apoptosis / autophagy

A

programmed cell death

54
Q

Endosomes

A

primarily intracellular sorting organelles

regulate trafficking of proteins and lipids among other subcellular compartments of the secretory and endocytic pathway

55
Q

peroxisomes

A

membrane bound organelles containing oxidative enzymes

resemble lysosomes and contain catalase and peroxidase

56
Q

catalase and peroxidase

A

carry out oxidation reactions that break down fatty acids and amino acids

57
Q

what do peroxisomes use to oxidize toxic metabolites

A

enzymes
free radicals
hydrogen peroxide

*alcohol is detoxified by peroxisomes in liver cells

58
Q

mitochondria

A

produce energy via Kreb’s cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

vary greatly in size / shape / and amount within cell

move freely in cytosol

present in all cells EXCEPT red blood cells and keratinocytes

59
Q

keratinocyte

A

outer layer of skin

60
Q
A
61
Q

Mitochondrial matrix

A

inner cavity filled with amorphous matrix material

contains dense granules thought to be storage sites for Ca2+

62
Q

Mitochondrial DNA

A

circular DNA

self replicating - reproduce by binary fission

maternally inherited

63
Q

mitochondrial eve

A

most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of all living humans

64
Q

cells depend on energy derived from

A

cellular respiration

65
Q

cellular respiration begins in

A

cytosol

where glucose converted to pyruvic acid

66
Q

anaerobic glycolysis occurs in

A

cytoplasm

67
Q

pyruvic acid diffused into

A

mitochondria

site of aerobic respiration

*mitochondrial matrix contains enzymes of krebs cycle

68
Q

How is the most ATP produced

A

oxidative phosphorylation by cytochromes of electron transport system

69
Q

where are cytochromes located

A

they are enzymes on inner membrane of cristae

70
Q

aerobic respiration (krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation) occur where

A

within mitochondria

requires O2

71
Q

anaerobic respiration occurs

A

in cytoplasm

NO O2

72
Q

inclusions

A

various nutrients or pigments that can be found within the cells but DO NOT have activity like other organelles

ex. glycogen
lipids
pigments -> melanin lipofucin

73
Q

intracytoplasmic pigments

A

lipofuscin - gold brown granules ; seen in neurons ; “old age” pigment

melanin - black brown granular pigment ; produced by melanocytes and transported to other cells

74
Q

what protein is most commonly associated with the inner nuclear membrane?

A

lamina

histology exam 1 (13 decks)

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