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histology exam 1 > Introduction to Histology > Flashcards

Introduction to Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Cells

A

functional units of living organisms

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2
Q

differentiate

A

to perform special functions

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3
Q

Tissue

A

cells with similar morphology and or function form tissue

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4
Q

organs

A

anatomically discreet collections of tissues that perform certain functions

ex. liver ; kidney

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5
Q

Parenchyma

A

cells that makeup the functional elements of an organ

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6
Q

stroma

A

structural framework of an organ / background tissue

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7
Q

Systems

A

larger units that tissues and organs are organized into

may be discreet entities like CNS
diffuse aggregates like immune system

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8
Q

Basic tissue types (5)

A

Blood
connective tissue
epithelium
muscle
nervous tissue

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9
Q

Blood

A

fluid tissue contained within vessels of circulatory system

technically a connective tissue

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10
Q

Connective tissue

A

surrounds and supports other tissue

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11
Q

epithelium

A

covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands

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12
Q

muscle

A

contains specialized contractile cells responsible for movement

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13
Q

nervous tissue

A

contains modified cells responsible for intercellular communication

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14
Q

Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E stain)

A

for routine diagnosis H&E is preferred for viewing cellular and tissue structure detail by pathologists

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15
Q

Hemtoxylin dye

A

blue
basic dye
stains acids

ex. DNA in nuclei ; RNA in ribosomes ; rER –> basophilic = blue / purple

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16
Q

Eosin

A

red pink
acidic dye
stains bases

ex. proteins = eosinophilic

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17
Q

Gram stain

A

differentiates bacterial species used to determine the causative organism in a bacterial infection

stains bacterial cell wall

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18
Q

gram positive

A

organisms that retain the primary color and appear purple/brown under microscope

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19
Q

gram negative

A

organisms that do not take up primary stain appear red under a microscope

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20
Q

Giesma Stain

A

used in hematology for its superior ability to stain bone marrow plasma cells and mast cells

identifying blood parasites

visualize chromosome abnormalities through giemsa based banding

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21
Q

Periodic acid schiff reaction stain (PAS)

A

stains carbohydrates

way to examine structures with high amounts of carbohydrate molecules such as the intestinal brush border renal tubular cells mucus and reticular fibers of connective tissue

stains a red MAGENTA color

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22
Q

Silver stain

A

used in neurology

stains nerve tissue

silver stains are very known for detecting amyloid beta-protein in alzheimer’s disease

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23
Q

Nissl stain

A

only stains neurons

also called cresyl violet stain

uses basic aniline due to study neuronal structure in the brain and spinal cord

blue

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24
Q

Cell membrane (plasmalemma)

A

functions as a semi-permeable membrane

25
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

amphoteric and/or amphipathic

composed of molecules with hydrophilic (polar) heads and hydrophobic (non-polar) tails

26
Q

Cell membrane forms

A

2 distinct layers hydrophilic heads point outward and hydrophobic tails point inwards

27
Q

hydrophilic portion contains

A

positive charged N groups and negative charged phosphate groups

28
Q

hydrophobic layer portion contains

A

2 long chain fatty acids covalently linked to glycerol

29
Q

tri-laminar appearance of cell membrane on EM

A

caused by 2 election dense layers hydrophilic phospholipid heads separated by electron lucent layer hydrophobic fatty acid tails

30
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

fluidity of membrane increases with temp and decreases with saturation of fatty acids

31
Q

Cholesterol does what to cell membranes

A

helps regulate fluidity and stabilize membrane

increase in cholesterol stiffens membrane decreasing the fluidity

1:1 ratio with phospholipids

32
Q

Proteins on surface of membrane are

A

extrinsic or peripheral proteins

33
Q

proteins incorporated within the membrane are

A

intrinsic or integral protiens

34
Q

some intrinsic membranes can be

A

transmural extending from one side of membrane to other called transmembrane proteins

35
Q

what are pores

A

transmembrane proteins that have openings

also called channels (can open and close)

Pores are ALWAYS open

36
Q

pores and channels are used for what transport

A

active or passive transport of hydrophilic molecules

37
Q

Pump

A

serve to transport ions across membrane

ex. Na-K pump

NEEDS energy source

38
Q

Channel

A

allow passage of water soluble molecules via diffusion

39
Q

Receptor proteins

A

allow for cell recognition and binding on cell membrane

ex. immune mediate rxn

40
Q

Transducers

A

initiate enzymatic rxn following binding with ligand molecules

ex. hormones

41
Q

Enzymes

A

components of ion pumps and digestive action

42
Q

structural proteins

A

add mechanical stability to membrane

43
Q

Glycocalyx

A

the formation of glycoproteins and glycolipids on the outside of the cell

44
Q

purpose of the glycocalyx

A

protects surface of the cell membrane

may be involved in cell recognition and adhesion

mediating exchange between internal and external cell environment

45
Q

Principle types of transport (4)

A

simple (passive) diffusion
facilitated diffusion
active transport
bulk (vesicular) transport

46
Q

Simple diffusion

A

NO ENERGY

down a concentration or ionic gradient

lipids gases (O2 CO2) and some small hydrophilic molecules (water urea bicarbonate)

47
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

passive and concentration dependent but requires carrier molecules

reversible binding and unbinding to transport water soluble hydrophilic molecules
ex. glucose and amino acids

48
Q

ion channels can be

A

gated - channels can be open or closed allows selective permeability

ungated - channels are always open (PORES)

49
Q

Voltage gating of ion channels

A

requires change in membrane potential to open

50
Q

chemical gating

A

requires binding of signaling molecule or neurotransmitter
ex. Ach

51
Q

Passive and Facilitated diffusion are enhanced by

A

increased cell membrane surface area

via folding / microvilli

52
Q

Aquaporins

A

channel that uses facilitated diffusion to allow water to cross plasma membrane faster than by simple diffusion

53
Q

Active transport

A

Independent of concentration (usually against concentration gradient)

requires energy

Na pump - one ion is exchanged for another

54
Q

Bulk (vesicular) transport

A

Requires energy

engulfment of molecules or particles by cytoplasmic extensions

AKA endocytosis

55
Q

types of endocytosis (2)

A

Phagocytosis - engulfment of solid particulate matter

Pinocytosis - engulfment of liquids

56
Q

what are Endosome / Phagosomes?

A

membrane endocytic vacuoles

57
Q

receptor mediated endocytosis

A

import macromolecules from the extracellular fluid

extracellular mlecules ligands bind to receptor proteins (clathrins) located in coated pits = caveolae of cell membrane

58
Q

Transcytosis

A

transport of material across or through cell via sequential endocytosis followed by exocytosis

histology exam 1 (13 decks)

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