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histology exam 1 > cell division (mitosis and meiosis) > Flashcards

cell division (mitosis and meiosis) Flashcards

1
Q

stem cells

A

can use to repair cellular loss/damage

most tissues retain a population of stem cells

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2
Q

terminally differentiated cells

A

lose the ability to undergo mitosis

cannot create more cells but have continuous differentiated function

enter G0

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3
Q

facultative dividers

A

can switch between doing it’s job and making more cells

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4
Q

G0 phase

A

cells that lose the capacity for cell division enter an extended G0 phase

can be permanent (terminally differentiated) or reversible (facultative dividers)

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5
Q

Mitosis phases

A

interphase

prophase -> prometaphase (end of prophase)

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

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6
Q

interphase

A

resting phase

time between divisions

occupies most of a cell’s life

subphases = G1 S G2

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7
Q

G1

A

1st and longest gap phase
last hours to days

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8
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size

occurs in G1

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9
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in cell number

occurs during mitosis

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10
Q

S phase

A

= synthesis

replication of DNA -> starts at 2n ends at 4n

following replication each chromosome contains 2 chromatids connected by centromere (sisters chromatids)

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11
Q

G2

A

second gap phase

preparation for mitosis

synthesis of ATP

synthesis of tubulin for mitotic spindle

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12
Q

3 checkpoints for mitosis

A
  1. G1 checkpoint = end of G1 phase

determines if cell is big enough / has proper proteins for S phase
if not cell enter G0

  1. DNA synthesis checkpoint = during S phase

checks for correct DNA replication -> continues to M (mitosis)

  1. Mitosis Checkpoint = during mitosis (M phase)

checks for completed mitosis

if so cells divides and repeats cell cycle

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13
Q

M phase

A

cell division portion of mitosis

charactered by karyokinesis followed by cytokinesis

creates 2 daughter cells that are as identical as possible

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14
Q

karyokinesis

A

division of nucleolus

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15
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of cytoplasm

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16
Q

when do chromosomes condense in cell cycle

A

during S & M phases

chromosomes become visible and look like coiled snakes

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17
Q

when are chromosomes an unraveled mass

A

G1 & G0

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18
Q

prophase

A

first phase

chromosomes visibly condensed / not necessarily organized

microfilaments and microtubules of cytoskeleton disaggregate

centrioles migrate to poles of cell and form spindle apparatus with interpolar microtubules

19
Q

prometaphase

A

late prophase

nuclear membrane and nucleoli gone

mitotic spindle attaches to chromosomes at kinetochore

20
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes line up along metaphase plate

21
Q

anaphase

A

centromere split apart

chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of cell

pulled by microtubules connecting centriole and kinetochore

*Dr. M. Cole’s favorite phase

22
Q

mitotic spindle

A

controls distribution of chromosomes in daughter cells

23
Q

how do chromosomes move

A

through the addition and subtraction of tubulin subunits and attachment proteins (dynein and kynesin) to chromatids

24
Q

Telophase

A

mitotic spindle disaggregates

nuclear envelope reassembles / nucleoli reappears

plasma membrane forms cleavage furrow

cytokinesis begins

25
Q

Mitotic index

A

count # of cells going through mitosis

used to describe proportion of cells in a tissue in mitosis at any given time

important in tumors

26
Q

Meiosis

A

reduction division = makes cells with half genetic info

haploid gametes for egg and sperm cells

occurs only in germ cells of gonads
male = spermatogenesis
female = oogenesis

27
Q

fusion of gametes

A

produces a diploid zygote (fertilized egg)

28
Q

First meiotic division

A

w/ pro- meta- ana- and telophase

results in formation of 2 daughter cells

29
Q

how meiosis different from mitosis

A

during prophase 1 homolgoous pairs of chromosomes form tetrads and exchange chromatin through crossing over

results in hybrid chromatids different from parents

end of meiosis = 4 haploid gametes

30
Q

Second meiotic division

A

brief interphase II NO DNA replication

NO crossing over during prophase II

Anaphase II centromeres spilt

Telophase II cytokinesis yields four haploid gametes EACH UNIQUE

31
Q

how many viable gametes produced by gametogenesis

A

male = 3 or 4 viable gametes

female = 1 functional gamete (ovum)
2 or 3 non functional polar bodies

32
Q

spermatogenesis begins

A

at puberty

33
Q

oogenesis begins

A

during fetal development

female germ cells enter prophase I 5th month of gestation and stop

remain in prophase I until ovulation (12-50 year)

34
Q

apoptosis

A

cell death

35
Q

triggers of apoptosis

A

timing in fetal development

some cells have predetermined life spans (skin cells ; GI tract)

growth and regression of ovarian follicles

destruction of virus / tumor infected cells

clonal deletion in thymus = removal of t cells that react to self molecules

36
Q

failure of clonal deletion

A

may lead to autoimmune diseases

37
Q

Apoptosis begins with

A

pyknosis = the shrinkage of nucleus and condensation of nuclear chromatin

38
Q

Autolysis

A

lysosomes release catalytic enzymes into the cytoplasm

39
Q

when a cell is apoptosis-ing what color does it become

A

bright pink / eosinophilic

40
Q

the final pathway of apoptosis is initiated by ____

A

caspace cascade

normally inactive enzymes are turned on to help with degeneration and fragmenting the nucleus

41
Q

Karyolysis

A

chromatin in nucleus begins to degenerate

42
Q

karyorrhexis

A

nuclear material begins to fragment and nuclear membrane disintegrates

43
Q

apoptotic bodies

A

fragmented nuclear debris

(dead) necrotic cells phagocytosed by macrophage and neutrophils

44
Q

necrosis

A

not natural death

death of cells as a result of inflammation traumatic injury or pathology

histology exam 1 (13 decks)

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