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histology exam 1 > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

1
Q

what is nervous tissue responsible for?

A

receptive, motor, and integrative functions

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2
Q

neurons transmit ____

A

electrochemical signals

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3
Q

neuroglia functions

A

insulate, nourish, support, and protect neurons

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4
Q

what is the major difference b/w the brain & the spinal cord?

A

the arrangement of gray and white matter

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5
Q

where is gray matter located in the spinal cord?

A

centrally located

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6
Q

how are gray and white matter arranged in the brain?

A

core of white matter and superficial layers of gray matter

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7
Q

where do most brain tumors originate?

A

glial origin

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8
Q

embryogenesis

A

form structural framework to guide migration of developing neurons

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9
Q

astrocytes

A

-present in the CNS
-branching cells with cytoplasmic processes ending in expansions called end-feet

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10
Q

end-feet of astrocytes

A

-expansions of astrocytes
-cover neurons, the inner surface of the pia mater, and every blood vessel of the CNS

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11
Q

glia limitans (glial limiting membrane)

A

joined end-feet processes coating the pia mater

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12
Q

functions of astrocytes:

A

-regulate interstitial fluid composition
-neurotransmitter metabolism
-potassium balance
-vascular end-feet interact with vascular endothelium to form blood-brain barrier
-distinguished by presence of glial fibrillar acidic protein

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13
Q

what are the two types of astrocytes?

A

-protoplasmic astrocyte
-fibrous astrocyte

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14
Q

protoplasmic astrocyte

A

-common in gray matter
-many branched processes
-look like bushes

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15
Q

fibrous astrocytes

A

-common in white matter
-long, unbranched processes
-help capillaries regulate interstitial fluid composition
-maintain blood-brain barrier via foot processes

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16
Q

components of blood-brain barrier

A

-CNS endothelium
-basal lamina
-pericytes
-end-feet of astrocytes

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17
Q

CNS endothelium fx in blood-brain barrier

A

unfenestrated capillaries joined by tight junction

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18
Q

basal lamina fx in blood-brain barrier

A

mechanical support and barrier to macromolecules

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19
Q

pericytes fx in blood-brain barrier

A

regulate endothelial cell morphology & may have macrophage activity and antigen presentation

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20
Q

what are the MAIN components of the blood-brain barrier?

A

tight junctions b/w endothelial cells

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21
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

-most numerous glial cells
-found in both gray & white matter
-nuclei small & dark-staining

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22
Q

oligodendrocyte

A

form myelin for multiple axons in CNS

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23
Q

demyelinating diseases

A

-affect the integrity of myelin
-can be immune-mediated, inherited, metabolic or virus-induced

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24
Q

multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

-immune-mediated disease
-multiple areas of demyelination in the CNS

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25
Q

Guillan-Barre syndrome

A

multiple areas of demyelination in the PNS

26
Q

microglia

A

-elongate, with ramified dendritic morphology
-smallest & rarest
-phagocytic; derived from mononuclear phagocyte system
-found at synapses, somas, and along vasculature
-use cytokines to recruit leukocytes of the peripheral immune system when brain is damaged or an infectious agent encountered
-play crucial roles in important diseases

27
Q

synaptic stripping

A

prune nerves near damaged tissue to promote growth/repair

28
Q

AIDS effects on CNS

A

-increased microglial activity observed
-HIV-1 does not attack neurons but it does infect microglial cells that produce cytokines toxic to neurons

29
Q

ependyma

A

-cuboidal epithelium
-lines ventricles & central canal of spinal cord

30
Q

choroid plexus

A

-formed from modified ependymal cells
-secretes CSF

31
Q

endothelial cells in CSF

A

LACK tight junctions & ARE fenestrated (opposite of normal endothelial cells in CNS)

32
Q

formation of CSF

A
  1. endothelial cells have hydrostatic pressure that produces a net flow of water, solutes, and proteins that enter the surrounding loose CT
  2. fluid, solutes, and proteins enter the cell
  3. Na+, K+-ATPase. pumps Na+ into the lumen of the ventricle & produces a gradient that facilitates the diffusion of water from the cell into the extracellular space
33
Q

PNS response to injury

A

connective tissue scar & Schwann cells form bridge b/w severed ends of nerves; if gap not too big, regeneration of axon possible; if damage too severe or old, axon may need to regrow its entire length
Step 1: Schwann cells multiply to physically bridge gap proliferate
Step 2: nerve axon sprouts neurites from proximal stump
Step 3: neurites grow into distal stump; contact reestablishes function

34
Q

anterograde (Wallerian) degeneration

A

portion of axon distal to point of injury degenerates

35
Q

what happens to an injured neuron?

A

cell body swells & becomes brightly eosinophilic, loses Nissl substance

36
Q

result of severe injury to PNS

A

retrograde degeneration & death of cell body

37
Q

CNS response to injury

A

-oligodendrocytes less efficient than Schwann cells; instead, neuroglial cells

38
Q

how do glial cells prevent regeneration?

A

scar tissue proliferation; physically blocks contact b/w cell body & axon

39
Q

neurons are stuck in which phase?

A

Go
-terminally differentiated; unable to be replaced

40
Q

ALS

A

due to death of motor neurons controlling voluntary Mm

41
Q

development of cerebellum

A

arose as a specialization of the vestibular system

42
Q

cerebellum functions

A

mainly involved in the co-ordination of motor activities, posture and balance

43
Q

structure of cerebellum

A

-cortex, with leaf-like folds called folia & medulla

44
Q

medulla

A

consists of nerve fibers leading out of the cortex

45
Q

molecular layer of cerebellum

A

-outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex
-relatively free of neuronal cell bodies

46
Q

the vast complexity of the synaptic clefts b/w Purkinje cells & molecular layer provides what?

A

rapid & simultaneous processing of signals

47
Q

why does the cerebellum need to process signals instantaneously?

A

b/c it is constantly fed inputs from the body and needs to be able to respond properly and quickly

48
Q

pyramidal cells

A

pyramid-shaped neurons with long, slender axons, varying in size from small to large

49
Q

Betz cells

A

largest cortical neuron

50
Q

Stellate (granule) cells

A

small star-shaped neurons with short axons & dendrites

51
Q

Cells of Martinotti

A

small neurons with long, horizontal axons

52
Q

Fusiform cells

A

vertically oriented, spindle-shaped neurons with vertical axons

53
Q

Horizontal cells of Cajal

A

horizontally orientated, spindle-shaped neurons with horizontal axons; least common type of neuron, found only in superficial layer

54
Q

how many cortical layers are there in the cerebral cortex?

A

6

55
Q

cortical layer I

A

-most superficial layer
-contains mostly dendrites & axons of cortical neurons

56
Q

cortical layer II

A

-outer granule layer
-contains large number of small pyramidal cells & stellate cells

57
Q

cortical layer III

A

-pyramidal cell layer
-contains stellate cells & medium pyramidal cells

58
Q

cortical layer IV

A

densely packed stellate cells only

59
Q

cortical layer V

A

-large pyramidal cells & a few stellate cells
-also contain cells of Betz

60
Q

cortical layer VI

A

multiple size pyramidal cells & loosely packed stellate cells

61
Q
A

histology exam 1 (13 decks)

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