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histology exam 1 > Erythrocytes > Flashcards

Erythrocytes Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Blood

A

Transportation or exchange

Protection (immunity)

Regulation (fluid volume, pH, thermoregulation)

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2
Q

Blood is

A

a connective tissue -> contains cells, a liquid ground substance (plasma), dissolved protein (fibers)

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3
Q

how much more viscous is blood than water

A

4x

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4
Q

average volume of blood in adults

A

5 liters

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5
Q

Components of blood

A

erythrocytes - make up 44% of a blood sample // %RBC volume = hematocrit

Buffy coat - composed of leukocytes and platelets // less than 1% of blood sample

Plasma - Fluid component minus the formed elements // 55% of blood sample

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6
Q

Formed elements in the blood

A

Erythrocytes = 99% of formed elements

Leukocytes = less than .01% of formed elements

Platelets = less than 1% of formed elements

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7
Q

blood smear

A

drop of blood smeared, air dried, and stained

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8
Q

blood smears are used to

A

determine the number and kind of cells present and other morphological abnormalities

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9
Q

components of plasma

A

mixture of water, proteins, other solutes

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10
Q

what is left when proteins are removed from plasma

A

serum

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11
Q

water makes up how much of plasma

A

about 92%

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12
Q

why is water an important component of plasma?

A

water facilitates the transport of materials in the plasma

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13
Q

One major protein of plasma that is involved in blood clotting is?

A

Fibrinogen

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14
Q

Name the proteins found in plasma? (4)

A

Albumins

globulins

fibrinogen

regulatory protein

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15
Q

What is Albumin’s function

A

transports many small molecules and insoluble metabolites in the blood

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16
Q

Where is albumin synthesized

A

liver

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17
Q

What is Fibrinogen’s function?

A

responsible for blood clot formation

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18
Q

Fibrinogen is converted into long insoluble strands of

A

fibrin

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19
Q

Fibrinogen makes up what percent of plasma proteins?

A

4%

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20
Q

what is Globulins function?

A

smaller alpha-globulins and larger beta-globulins primarily bind, support, and protect certain water insoluble or hydrophobic molecules, hormones, and ions

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21
Q

What are gamma-globulins

A

immunoglobulins or antibodies

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22
Q

What is spectrin’s function?

A

the main structural component of RBC

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23
Q

Spectrin was first identified where?

A

erythrocytes where it forms a filamentous network required for red blood cells to maintain their shape and elasticity

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24
Q

What does spectrin bind to in erythrocytes?

A

binds to the inner surface of the plasmalemma

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25
Q

Is spectrin a plasma protein?

A

NO! it is a cytoskeletal protein

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26
Q

What is hemopoiesis

A

the production of blood cells

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27
Q

Where does hemopoiesis occur

A

vascular sinuses of bone marrow of certain bones

Flat bones of skulls, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis, and some long bones

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28
Q

In a fetus where does hemopoiesis first occur

A

blood islands in wall of yolk sac during first trimester

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29
Q

where does hemopoiesis occur during the second trimester

A

Liver

lymphatic tissue

30
Q

In the last month of pregnancy hemopoiesis occurs in

A

bone marrow

31
Q

Number of active hemopoiesis sites do what with age

A

decrease

32
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

red cell production

33
Q

myeolpoiesis

A

white cell production

34
Q

the hormone erythropoietin is secreted by

A

kidneys

35
Q

Colony forming units (CFU)

A

pluripotential stem cells which differentiate into several unipotential stem cell lines

36
Q

Red bone marrow

A

active / contains large number of mature red blood cells

37
Q

yellow marrow

A

inactive

38
Q

stages of erythropoiesis

A
  1. stem cells (CFU-E)
  2. proerythroblast
  3. erythroblast / normoblast
  4. reticulocyte
  5. mature rbc
39
Q

Overall trends of erythropoiesis

A
  1. progressive decrease in cell size
  2. loss of nucleus and organelles
  3. increase in hemoglobin
40
Q

proerythroblast / early normoblast

A

first recognizable erythrocyte precursor

basophilic stains blue/purple

41
Q

Polychromatic erythroblasts / intermediate

A

no longer capable of division

mixture of basophilia and eosinophilia = polychromasia

less organelles more hemoglobin

42
Q

orthochromatic erythroblast / late normoblast

A

organelles degenerate

nucleus is pushed out in this stage

43
Q

reticulocyte

A

immature RBC with stippled cytoplasm / still have some rRNA

produced in bone marrow and released into peripheral blood

increased reticulocytes can be an indicator of anemia

44
Q

Howell-Jolly bodies

A

occasional basophilic nuclear remnants visible within cytoplasm

usually removed by spleen

45
Q

Mature erythrocytes lack

A

nuclei and organelles

46
Q

how long do mature erythrocyte circulate

A

~120 days

47
Q

reticulocytes account for what % of circulating RBCs

A

1-2%

48
Q

RBCs can only make ATP by

A

anaerobic glycolysis

49
Q

RBC lack nuclei which allows them to

A

carry respiratory gases more efficiently

50
Q

every erythrocyte is filled with how many molecules of hemoglobin

A

280 million molecules of hemoglobin

51
Q

describe the structure of hemoglobin

A

4 protein globins
2 alpha chains & 2 beta chains
all globin chains contain a nonprotein (heme) group with an Fe ion in its center

52
Q

what does oxygen bind to for transport in the blood

A

the iron ions in the globin chains of hemoglobin

53
Q

fetus hemoglobin has a _____ affinity for oxygen compared to the mother’s hemoglobin

A

higher

54
Q

Anemia

A

any condition in which the quantity of erythrocytes is lower than normal

inadequate production of RBCs

lethargy, shortness of breath, pallow, fatigue, heart palpitations

*strain on heart

55
Q

Polycythemia

A

condition of having too many erythrocytes in the blood

may have normal blood volume

thick and viscous blood

overuse EPO

*Strain on the heart

56
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

a point mutation where glutamic acid is replaced by valine at the sixth position in the beta globin chain

more fragile / easily damaged

causes damage to endothelial cells due to the sickle cell’s rough edges

** resistant to malaria

57
Q

elliptocytosis

A

autosomal dominant disorder

oval shaped RBCs

caused by defective self association of spectrin subunits and defective binding of spectrin

58
Q

Spherocytosis

A

Autosomal dominant condition involving a deficiency in spectrin

splenomegaly (enlargement of the spleen)

59
Q

Platelets

A

thrombocytes

small non-nucleated cells containing organelles

60
Q

megakaryocytes

A

single multi-lobed nucleus

“break into pieces to make platelets” (grace)

61
Q

platelets lifespan

A

~8-12 days

62
Q

platelets function

A

aid in blood clotting by forming physical plugs at site of vascular damage

63
Q

extrinsic coagulation cascade

A

faster

initiated by the release of tissue thromboplastin as a result of tissue damage

64
Q

intrinsic coagulation cascade

A

slower

initiated by the exposure of collagen

requires numerous clotting factors (von willebrands factor and factor VIII)

longer cascade rxn

65
Q

platelets release

A

serotonin - constricts smooth muscle in damaged vessel to minimize blood loss

66
Q

intrinsic pathway and extrinsic pathway meet at which factor

A

factor X

67
Q

once factor X is activated what occurs in the coagulation cascade

A

the conversion prothrombin to thrombin
followed by fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin

68
Q

Anticoagulants include

A

antithrombin III

Heparin

69
Q

hemophilia A

A

deficiency of clotting factor VIII

defect in intrinsic pathway

70
Q

hemophilia B

A

factor IX deficiency

71
Q

Hemophilia C

A

Factor XI deficiency

defect in intrinsic pathway

72
Q

Von Willebrand disease

A

Factor VIIII and von Willebrand Factor

defect in intrinsic pathway

histology exam 1 (13 decks)

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