leukaemia

Question 1

ALL ages affected

Answer 1

under five

over 45

Question 2

CLL ages affected

Answer 2

over 55

Question 3

CML ages affected

Answer 3

over 65

Question 4

AML ages affected

Answer 4

over 75

Question 5

presentation

Answer 5

fatigue 
fever
FTT
pallor - anaemia 
petechia + brusing - thrombocytopenia 
abnormal bleeding 
lymphadenopathy 
hepatosplenomegaly

Question 6

Bone marrow aspiration

Answer 6

taking a liquid sample full of cells from within the bone marrow.

Question 7

Bone marrow trephine

Answer 7

involves taking a solid core sample of the bone marrow and provides a better assessment of the cells and structure.

Question 8

Bone marrow biopsy

Answer 8

is usually taken from the iliac crest. It involves a local anaesthetic and a specialist needle. Samples from bone marrow aspiration can be examined straight away however a trephine sample requires a few days of preparation.

Question 9

ALL

Answer 9

malignant change in lymphoid progenitor cells
acute proliferation of single lymphocyte

pancytopenia

Question 10

ALL associations

Answer 10

Down syndrome

philadelphia chromosome

Question 11

ALL blood film

Answer 11

blast cells

Question 12

CLL

Answer 12

chronic proliferation of single type of well differentiated lymphocyte

Question 13

richter’s transformation

Answer 13

when CLL transforms to high-grade lymphoma

Question 14

CLL blood film

Answer 14

smear or smudge cells

Question 15

CML: chronic phase

Answer 15

is often asymptomatic and patients are diagnosed incidentally with a raised white cell count.

Question 16

CML: accelerated phase

Answer 16

abnormal blasts take up high proportion (10-20%)

more symptomatic

anaemia
thrombocytopenia
immunocompromised

Question 17

CML: blast phase

Answer 17

even higher proportion blasts >30%

severe symptoms
pancytopenia

Question 18

cytogenic change characteristic of CML

Answer 18

philadelphia chromosome

Question 19

philadelphia chromosome

Answer 19

translocation between chromosome 9 and 22

t(9:22) translocation

Question 20

AML can be result of

Answer 20

transformation from myeloproliferative disorder

Question 21

AML blood film

Answer 21

blast cells with rods in cytoplasm - Auer rods