intro

Question 1

components of blood

Answer 1

plasma: coagulation factors, albumin antibodies

buffy coat: platelets, white cells

RBCs

Question 2

functions of blood: transport

Answer 2

gases - O2, CO2
nutrients
waste
messages (hormones)

Question 3

functions of blood: maintenance vascular integrity

Answer 3

prevention leaks - platelets and clotting factors

prevention blockages - anticoagulants and fibrinolytics

Question 4

functions of blood: protection from pathogens

Answer 4

phagocytosis and killing - granulocytes/monocytes

antigen recognition and antibody formation - lymphocytes

Question 5

stem cells

Answer 5

totipotent
self-renewal capacity
home to marrow niche

Question 6

erythroid diferentiation

Answer 6

erythroblast –> reticulocyte –> erythrocyte

Question 7

erythropoietin

Answer 7

hormone that governs red cell production

made in kidney in response to hypoxia

Question 8

polycythaemia

Answer 8

too many red cells

Question 9

anaemia

Answer 9

too little red cells

Question 10

platelet pathologies

Answer 10

thrombocytosis
thrombocytopenia
altered function

Question 11

neurtophils

Answer 11

function to ingest and destroy pathogens

Question 12

neurtophilia

Answer 12

infection
inflammation

production regulated by G-CSF

Question 13

neutropenia

Answer 13

decreased production
increased consumption
altered function

Question 14

monocyte function

Answer 14

ingest and destroy pathogens

eps bacteria and fungi

Question 15

lymphocyte subtypes

Answer 15

B cells: make antibodies
T cells: helper, cytotoxic, regulatory
NK cells

Question 16

where to T and B cells mature

Answer 16

B - bone marrow

T - thymus

Question 17

B and T cell variable regions

Answer 17

B - heavy chains and light chains

T - alpha chains and beta chains

Question 18

combinatorial diversity - within each chain

Answer 18

V region combined with J/D then C region

Question 19

junctional diversity

Answer 19

at join, additional nucleotides added

Question 20

combinatorial diversity - between chains

Answer 20

each alpha chain pairs with a beta chain

each light chain pars with a heavy chain

Question 21

B cell maturation

Answer 21

exits bone marrow as naive B cell and enters mantle zone germinal centre
met by macrophages that have picked up antigen
once come out follicular centre they are plasma cells and make antibodies

Question 22

human leucocyte antigen

Answer 22

take antigens from within cell, bind them and bring them to surface so that B and T cells can interrogate what is going on inside cell

Question 23

HLA class 1

Answer 23

displays internal antigens on all nucleate cells

this is how cytotoxic T cell can recognise a cell has been infected with a foreign virus

Question 24

HLA class 2

Answer 24

displays antigens eaten by macrophages

this is how immune system decides whether to make an antibody response against bug

Question 25

diagnostic tools

Answer 25

FBC
clotting times 
chemical assays - ferritn, B12, folate
marrow aspirate and trephine biopsy
lymph node biopsy
xray
ct scan/angiogram