intro Flashcards
components of blood
plasma: coagulation factors, albumin antibodies
buffy coat: platelets, white cells
RBCs
functions of blood: transport
gases - O2, CO2
nutrients
waste
messages (hormones)
functions of blood: maintenance vascular integrity
prevention leaks - platelets and clotting factors
prevention blockages - anticoagulants and fibrinolytics
functions of blood: protection from pathogens
phagocytosis and killing - granulocytes/monocytes
antigen recognition and antibody formation - lymphocytes
stem cells
totipotent
self-renewal capacity
home to marrow niche
erythroid diferentiation
erythroblast –> reticulocyte –> erythrocyte
erythropoietin
hormone that governs red cell production
made in kidney in response to hypoxia
polycythaemia
too many red cells
anaemia
too little red cells
platelet pathologies
thrombocytosis
thrombocytopenia
altered function
neurtophils
function to ingest and destroy pathogens
neurtophilia
infection
inflammation
production regulated by G-CSF
neutropenia
decreased production
increased consumption
altered function
monocyte function
ingest and destroy pathogens
eps bacteria and fungi
lymphocyte subtypes
B cells: make antibodies
T cells: helper, cytotoxic, regulatory
NK cells
where to T and B cells mature
B - bone marrow
T - thymus
B and T cell variable regions
B - heavy chains and light chains
T - alpha chains and beta chains
combinatorial diversity - within each chain
V region combined with J/D then C region
junctional diversity
at join, additional nucleotides added
combinatorial diversity - between chains
each alpha chain pairs with a beta chain
each light chain pars with a heavy chain
B cell maturation
exits bone marrow as naive B cell and enters mantle zone germinal centre
met by macrophages that have picked up antigen
once come out follicular centre they are plasma cells and make antibodies
human leucocyte antigen
take antigens from within cell, bind them and bring them to surface so that B and T cells can interrogate what is going on inside cell
HLA class 1
displays internal antigens on all nucleate cells
this is how cytotoxic T cell can recognise a cell has been infected with a foreign virus
HLA class 2
displays antigens eaten by macrophages
this is how immune system decides whether to make an antibody response against bug
