lessons 2.1-2.2: cell and cell membrane Flashcards
what is a eukaryotic cell?
cells that have a true nucleus, often animal cells and most plant cells. more complex and larger. formed through meiosis and mitosis
what is a prokaryotic cell?
unicellular without a true nucleus, bacteria and arachne, small and simple. formed through binary fission
what does the cytoskeleton do?
gives cell shape and strycture
what are centrioles and what do they do?
made of 9 triplet microtubules, aid in cell devision, forming flagella and cilia, and the key for the formation of spindle apparatus
what are chloroplasts?
found in plant cells, convert sunlight into energy, inner membrane forms sacks called thylakoids, contain chlorophyll which gives plants colour
what does the mitochondria produce/contain?what does it do?
makes ATP and contains enzymes, DNA, and ribosomes. breaks down glucose, cell regulation (self destruction). inherited from mother
what does the smooth ER do? how is it different from the rough?
detoxifies drugs and chemicals, synthesizes lipids. it doesnt have ribosomes
what does the rough ER do? why is there so many grooves?
protein synthesis. more grooves means more surface area for chemical reactions
what are vacuoles for in animal cells?
storage, transport, cellular conversation
difference between vacuoles in animal vs plant cells
plants have one large one that stores water, nutrients, and waste. while animals have many that help with storage, transport, and cellular communication
functions for vacuoles and vesicals?
maintain homeostasis, key to cellular growth and function
how are vesicles formed in the golgi?
golgi pinched off to create vesicles
what do lysosomes do? how do they do it?
cell “garbage disposal”, contain digestive enzymes that break down waste
how many enzymes do lysosomes contain?
50 types of hydrolytic enzymes
aside from breaking down waste, what else do lysosomes do?
transport proteins, recycle cellular components, kill pathogens, tissue remolding
some reactions and mechanisms lysosomes are involved in are:
autophagy, endocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis, and lysosomal secretion
where are ribosomes produced?
in the nucleus
what do ribosomes do?
make proteins, translate mRNA and form peptide bonds, transports RNA, quality controls proteins, eliminates errors, site for protein synthesis
what are the functions of polysomes?
free floating organelles, produce proteins for use inside cell, transcribes proteins.
what are the nucleus’ functions?
store DNA, protein synthesis, cell division, inheritance
what surrounds animal cells?
cell membrane
what makes the membrane?
phospholipid bi-layer: fluid mosaic model
what stabilizes the membrane?
cholesterol
what does the membrane do for other cells?
has receptors that help communicate with the other cells
what is the cell wall considered?
semi permiable
what is the cell wall made of?
cellulose
