lesson 1.5: macromolecules and carbohydrates. Flashcards
how many covalent bonds does carbon have?
4
what is an example of carbon ring structures
glucose and nucleotides
what is another name for a macromolecule?
polymer
4 examples of macromolecules
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
carbohydrates are the primary source of __________ for cells (_________)
energy, glucose
carbohydrates are the _________ __________ of plant cell walls (________)
structural material, cellulose
what are lipids?
long term energy storage
structural component of cell membranes
steroid hormones
what are proteins?
structural components of the cell
enzymes
what are nucleic acids?
genetic material that regulates cell activity
what is dehydration synthesis?
when monomers join together and remove a water molecule in the process
what happens in dehydration synthesis?
one molecule loses an H+ and one loses an OH-
what is hydrolysis?
when water is gained, it is used to break up molecules and dissolve them
what are carbohydrates made of?
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
what are the functions of carbohydrates
short term energy supply (glucose)
energy storage (glycogen and starch)
cell membrane markers
structural material
what are monosaccharides? give 3
simple sugars
glucose, fructose, and galactose
what is the chemical formula for all monosaccharides
Cn(H2O)n
glucose and fructose are ___________ because their structures are ________ but formulas are the ________
isomers, different, same
what is a disaccharide?
double sugar, two monosaccharides joining together
how are disaccharides made? what is the bond called?
joining two monosaccharides and losing a water molecule, glycosidic bond
what are three common disaccharides? what are their names and how are they made?
sucrose: table sugar~> glucose + fructose
maltose: grain sugar~> glucose + glucose
lactose: milk sugar~> glucose + galactose
what is a polysaccharide?
many sugar monomers linked together
what are three types of polysaccharides?
starch
glycogen
cellulose
what is starch? what is starch in?
storage of glucose in plants, straight chains with branches, produced by most green plants as an energy store. contained in large amounts in potatoes, wheat, corn, and rice.
what is glycogen? where is it stored?
storage form of glucose in animals, liver converts excess glucose into glycogen for storage. found in the liver and skeletal muscles
what is cellulose? what is another name for it? why is it important?
primary structural component of plant cell walls, humans cant digest it so it passes through undigested. another name for cellulose is fibre, it is important to our health for preventing colon cancer
