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Medical Terminology > Lesson 9 > Flashcards

Lesson 9 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Acoust/o

A

Hearing, sound

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2
Q

Audi/o, Audit/o

A

Hearing

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3
Q

Blephar/o

A

Eyelid

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4
Q

Conjunctiv/o

A

Conjunctiva

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5
Q

Corne/o

A

Cornea

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6
Q

Dipl/o

A

Double

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7
Q

Ir/i

A

Iris

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8
Q

Labyrinth/o

A

Inner ear

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9
Q

Myring/o

A

Eardrum, tympanic membrane

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10
Q

Ocul/o

A

Eye

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11
Q

Ophthalm/o

A

Eye

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12
Q

Opt/o

A

Vision

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13
Q

Ot/o

A

Ear

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14
Q

Presby/o

A

Old age

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15
Q

Retin/o

A

Retina

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16
Q

Tympan/o

A

Eardrum, tympanic membrane

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17
Q

bi-

A

Two

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18
Q

intra-

A

Within

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19
Q

peri-

A

Surrounding

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20
Q

sub-

A

Below

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21
Q

-algia

A

Pain

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22
Q

-cusis

A

Hearing

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23
Q

-itis

A

Inflammation

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24
Q

-metry

A

To measure

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25
Q

-opia

A

Vision condition

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26
Q

-pexy

A

Surgical fixation

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27
Q

-plasty

A

Surgical repair

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28
Q

-rrhagia

A

Bleeding

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29
Q

-rrhea

A

Discharge

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30
Q

-scope

A

Instrument for visual examination

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31
Q

-tomy

A

Surgical incision

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32
Q

adnexa

A

are the appendages or the accessory structures of an organ.

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33
Q

astigmatism

A

is a condition in which the eye does not focus properly because of uneven curvatures of the cornea.

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34
Q

barotrauma

A

is pressure-related ear discomfort that is often caused by changes in air pressure.

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35
Q

cochlear implant

A

is an electronic device implanted behind the ear to restore certain hearing losses.

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36
Q

diplopia

A

also known as double vision, is the perception of two images of a single object.

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37
Q

glaucoma

A

is a group of diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure that causes damage to the retinal nerve fibers and to the optic nerve.

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38
Q

hyperopia

A

also known as farsightedness, is a defect in which light rays focus beyond the retina.

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39
Q

myopia

A

also known as nearsightedness, is a defect in which light rays focus in front of the retina.

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40
Q

nystagmus

A

is an involuntary, constant, rhythmic movement of the eyeball.

41
Q

ophthalmoscopy

A

is the visual examination of the fundus of the eye with an ophthalmoscope.

42
Q

optometrist

A

specializes in measuring the accuracy of vision to determine whether corrective lenses are needed.

43
Q

otomycosis

A

is a fungal infection of the external auditory canal.

44
Q

periorbital edema

A

is the swelling surrounding the eye or eyes.

45
Q

presbycusis

A

is the gradual loss of sensorineural hearing that occurs as the body ages.

46
Q

presbyopia

A

describes the common changes in the eye that occur with aging.

47
Q

radial keratotomy

A

is a surgical procedure to correct myopia by making an incisions partially through the cornea to cause it flatten

48
Q

strabismus

A

is a disorder in which the eyes point in different directions or are not aligned correctly.

49
Q

tinnitus

A

is a ringing, buzzing, or roaring sound in one or both ears.

50
Q

tonometry

A

is the measurement of intraocular pressure.

51
Q

vertigo

A

is a sense of whirling, dizziness, and the loss of balance, that often is combined with nausea and vomiting.

52
Q

Accommodation

A

Ability of the eye to change focus from distant to near

53
Q

Cerumen

A

Ear wax

54
Q

Depth perception

A

The ability to see objects in three dimensions

55
Q

Dilate

A

Making the opening of the pupil larger

56
Q

Equilibrium

A

The state of balance

57
Q

Lacrimation

A

Secretion of tears

58
Q

Prosthesis

A

Artificial substitute for a diseased or missing body part

59
Q

Ptosis (the “P” is silent)

A

Drooping of the upper eyelid

60
Q

Snellen chart

A

Eye testing chart

61
Q

Tinnitus

A

Ringing or buzzing sound in the ears

62
Q

Visual acuity

A

The ability to identify letters and numbers at a distance

63
Q

AD, AS, AU

A

Right ear, left ear, both ears

64
Q

ENT

A

Ears, nose, throat

65
Q

EOMI

A

Extraocular movements intact

66
Q

HEENT

A

Head, eyes, ears, nose, throat

67
Q

LASIK

A

Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis

68
Q

OD, OS, OU

A

Right eye, left eye, both eyes

69
Q

OE

A

Otitis externa

70
Q

OM

A

Otitis media

71
Q

PERRLA

A

Pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation

72
Q

TM

A

Tympanic membrane, eardrum

73
Q

The Human Eyeball

A

The human eyeball sits in a protective, bony cavity called the orbit. Eyelids and eyelashes protect the eye tissues. Blinking spreads a film of tears over the eyeball’s exposed surface to protect and lubricate the eye and sweep debris away.

74
Q

Conjunctiva

A

The conjunctiva is a clear, thin mucous membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and the back and sides of the eye’s outer surface.

75
Q

Sclera

A

The sclera is the tough outer tissue that protects the entire eyeball. It is also known as the white of the eye.

76
Q

Choroid

A

The choroid is the middle layer of the eye that contains the blood vessels that nourish the eye.

77
Q

Retina

A

The retina is the innermost layer of light-sensitive tissue that lines the back of the eye. The retina converts light into electrical impulses that travel through the optic nerve to the brain, which interprets them as images.

78
Q

Anterior Chamber

A

The anterior chamber is the front part of the eye between the cornea and the lens.

79
Q

Posterior Chamber

A

The posterior chamber is between the iris and lens.

80
Q

Cornea

A

The cornea is a transparent, dome-shaped membrane at the center of the front of the eye. The cornea has no blood supply and obtains its nutrients from tears and from fluid in the anterior chamber behind it.

81
Q

Iris

A

The iris is the colored part of the eye. Pigmentation in the front layers of the iris determines eye color.

82
Q

Pupil

A

The pupil is the black opening in the center of the iris through which light enters the eye. As mentioned above, the muscles in the iris will either constrict or enlarge the pupil depending on the level of light. In brighter light, the pupil will constrict and become smaller. In dimmer settings, the pupil will enlarge to let in more light.

83
Q

Lens

A

The lens is the clear part of the eye behind the iris that helps to focus light on the retina, which then relays nerve impulses to the brain. The lens also adjusts the eye’s focus, allowing us to see things clearly up close and far away.

84
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

The conjunctiva is a transparent mucous membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and the surface of the eye. When it is inflamed or infected it becomes red or pink. This is called conjunctivitis or “pinkeye”. Symptoms include itching, burning, and crusting of the eyelashes, especially in the morning.

85
Q

Viral conjunctivitis

A

Most cases of viral conjunctivitis are mild and clear up in 7 to 14 days without treatment.

86
Q

Bacterial conjunctivitis

A

For bacterial conjunctivitis, antibiotic eye drops or ointment can be prescribed to shorten the length of infection and reduce complications.

87
Q

Allergic conjunctivitis

A

Conjunctivitis caused by an allergen, such as pollen or animal dander, usually improves with allergy medications and antihistamine eye drops.

88
Q

Cataracts

A

A cataract usually occurs when normal proteins in the lens of the eye break down, causing the lens to become cloudy. Symptoms include blurry or double vision, glare-when headlights or sunlight appear blindingly bright-and poor night vision that can make driving hazardous. Cataracts usually take a long time to develop, and can occur in one or both eyes.

89
Q

Glaucoma

A

Glaucoma is one of the world’s leading causes of blindness. It is caused when aqueous humor in the front part of the eye does not drain out of the eye properly. This fluid buildup increases pressure and damages the optic nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.

90
Q

The Outer Ear

A

The medical term for the fleshy outer ear is the auricle or pinna. It is made up of cartilage and skin. The pinna captures sound waves and transmits them into the external auditory canal.

The ear canal transmits these sound waves to the tympanic membrane (eardrum), which is located between the outer ear and middle ear. When sound waves strike the tympanic membrane, the membrane vibrates and transmits the vibrations further in, to the bones of the middle ear.

The ear canal is lined with skin that contains many glands called ceruminous glands, which secrete cerumen. Cerumen combines with dead skin cells to form earwax. Earwax coats the ear canal to moisturize it, fight off infection, and help keep dust, dirt, and other debris from entering the middle ear.

91
Q

The Middle Ear

A

Three of the smallest bones of the body are found in the middle ear; they are called the malleus, the incus and the stapes. These bones are also known as the hammer, anvil and the stirrup. The medical term for all three bones together is the auditory ossicles. The role of these bones is to transmit the sound waves from the eardrum to the inner ear by vibration.

The Eustachian tube is the canal that connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx, which consists of the upper throat and the back of the nasal cavity. It controls the air pressure within the middle ear, making it equal with the air pressure outside the body.

92
Q

The Inner Ear

A

The inner ear contains the sensory receptors for hearing and balance. The basic receptors for both of these are sensory cells, called hair cells.

The oval window is the membrane that separates the middle ear from the inner ear. Vibrations enter the inner ear through this structure.

The cochlea is shaped like a snail and contains the spiral organ of Corti, which is the receptor organ for hearing. It consists of tiny hair cells that translate the fluid vibration of sounds from its surrounding ducts into electrical impulses that are carried to the brain by sensory nerves.

The semicircular canals are lined with hair cells and filled with a liquid substance, known as endolymph. Every time the head moves, the endolymph moves the hair cells. The movements of the hair cells provide information about orientation to the brain to help maintain balance.

Coming from the inner ear and running to the brain is the eighth cranial nerve-the acoustic or auditory nerve. This nerve carries both balance and hearing information to the brain.

93
Q

Otitis Media (OM)

A

Otitis media is a middle ear infection of the space immediately behind the eardrum.

94
Q

Acute otitis media

A

can result from either a bacterial or viral infection, often as a complication of the common cold. In acute otitis media, the infected ear is painful with a red, bulging eardrum that can sometimes rupture, causing pus to drain from the ear. Other symptoms include fever, lack of appetite, and vomiting. Most cases of acute otitis media get better without treatment other than pain-relieving medications. However, the patient is often treated with antibiotics if symptoms do not improve within 24-48 hours.

95
Q

Chronic otitis media

A

is a recurrent middle ear infection. Chronic ear infections can lead to decreased hearing, speech and balance problems, and changes to the eardrum. Ear tube placement can be helpful with chronic otitis media that is difficult to treat with antibiotics. A small opening is made in the eardrum to allow fluid to drain from the middle ear (myringotomy). Then a tiny, hollow tube (tympanostomy tube or ventilating tube) is placed in the eardrum through the opening. This tube balances the pressure in the middle ear and prevents the accumulation of fluid behind the eardrum.

96
Q

Vestibular Disorders

A

The vestibular system includes the parts of the inner ear and brain that process the sensory information involved with controlling balance. If disease or injury damages these processing areas, vestibular disorders can result. Two common symptoms of vestibular disorders are vertigo and tinnitus.

97
Q

Vertigo

A

is the sensation that you, or the environment around you, is moving or spinning. Collections of calcium in the inner ear, inflammation, and certain infections can cause problems in the vestibular system that trigger vertigo. Treatment with antihistamines or oral corticosteroids can often provide symptom relief.

98
Q

Tinnitus

A

is a non-auditory internal sound. It is commonly referred to as “ringing in the ears,” although it can manifest many different perceptions of sound, including buzzing, hissing, humming, chirping, or roaring.

99
Q

Motion Sickness

A

Your brain senses movement by getting signals from your inner ears, eyes, and nerve endings in muscles and joints that provide information about body position. When it gets signals that do not match, you can get motion sickness. For example, if you are reading on your phone while riding a bus, your eyes are focused on something that is not moving, but your inner ear senses motion.

Motion sickness can start suddenly with a queasy feeling and cold sweats. It can then lead to dizziness and nausea and vomiting. People who are susceptible to motion sickness can use a medication, such as a scopolamine patch

Medical Terminology (19 decks)

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