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Medical Terminology > Lesson 12 > Flashcards

Lesson 12 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

reproductive system

A

The reproductive system ensures the continuation of the species. Within the context of producing offspring, the reproductive system has four functions:

To produce egg and sperm cells
To transport and sustain these cells
To nurture the developing offspring
To produce hormones
The female reproductive system includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina.

The male reproductive system includes the testes, scrotum, spermatic ducts, prostate, and penis.

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2
Q

Balan/o

A

Glans penis

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3
Q

Cervic/o

A

Cervix

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4
Q

Colp/o

A

Vagina

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5
Q

Crypt/o

A

Hidden

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6
Q

Gynec/o

A

Female

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7
Q

Hemat/o

A

Blood

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8
Q

Hyster/o

A

Uterus

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9
Q

Leuk/o

A

White

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10
Q

Mamm/o

A

Breast

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11
Q

Mast/o

A

Breast

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12
Q

Men/o

A

Menstruation

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13
Q

Metr/o

A

Uterus

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14
Q

My/o

A

Muscle

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15
Q

Nat/o

A

Birth

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16
Q

Olig/o

A

Scanty

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17
Q

Oophor/o

A

Ovaries

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18
Q

Orchi/o, orchid/o

A

Testicles

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19
Q

Ovari/o

A

Ovaries

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20
Q

Pen/i

A

Penis

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21
Q

Phall/i

A

Penis

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22
Q

Salping/o

A

Fallopian tubes

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23
Q

Spermat/o

A

Sperm

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24
Q

Testicu/o

A

Testicles

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25
Q

Uter/o

A

Uterus

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26
Q

Vagin/o

A

Vagina

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27
Q

Vas/o

A

Vas deferens

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28
Q

dys-

A

Painful

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29
Q

endo-

A

Within

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30
Q

hyper-

A

Increased, excessive

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31
Q

hypo-

A

Decreased, deficient

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32
Q

neo-

A

new

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33
Q

nulli-

A

None

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34
Q

peri-

A

Surrounding

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35
Q

poly-

A

Many

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36
Q

post-

A

After

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37
Q

primi-

A

First

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38
Q

-algia

A

Pain

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39
Q

cele

A

Hernia

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40
Q

-centesis

A

Surgical puncture to remove fluid

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41
Q

-dynia

A

Pain

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42
Q

-ectomy

A

Surgical removal

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43
Q

-genesis

A

Creation

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44
Q

-gravida

A

Pregnant

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45
Q

-itis

A

Inflammation

46
Q

-ologist

A

Specialist

47
Q

-otomy

A

Surgical incision

48
Q

-pause

A

Stopping

49
Q

-para

A

To give birth

50
Q

-pexy

A

Surgical fixation

51
Q

-rrhagia

A

Bleeding

52
Q

-rrhea

A

Discharge

53
Q

-rrhexis

A

To rupture

54
Q

-scopy

A

Visual examination

55
Q

andropause

A

is marked by the decrease of the male hormone testosterone, often referred to as male menopause.

56
Q

apgar score

A

is an evaluation of a newborn infant’s physical status at 1 and 5 minutes after birth.

57
Q

chlamydia

A

which is caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, is the most common sexually transmitted disease.

58
Q

colostrum

A

is a specialized form of milk that delivers essential nutrients and antibodies in a form that the newborn can digest.

59
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

is a potentially dangerous condition in which a fertilized egg is implanted and begins to develop outside of the uterus.

60
Q

endometriosis

A

is a condition in which patches of endometrial tissue escape the uterus and become attached to other structures in the pelvic cavity.

61
Q

gonorrhea

A

is a highly contagious sexually transmitted disease is characterized by painful urination and an abnormal discharge from the penis or vagina.

62
Q

leukorrhea

A

is a profuse, whitish mucus discharge from the uterus and vagina.

63
Q

menarche

A

is the beginning of the menstrual function, which occurs during puberty.

64
Q

nulligravida

A

is a woman who has never been pregnant.

65
Q

nullipara

A

is a woman who has never borne a viable child.

66
Q

perimenopause

A

is the transition phase between regular menstrual periods and no periods at all.

67
Q

placenta previa

A

is the abnormal implantation of the placenta in the lower portion of the uterus.

68
Q

preeclampsia

A

is a complication of pregnancy characterized by hypertension (high blood pressure), edema (swelling), and proteinuria (an abnormally high level of protein in the urine).

69
Q

primigravida

A

is a woman during her first pregnancy.

70
Q

primipara

A

is a woman who has borne one viable child.

71
Q

pruritus vulvae

A

is a condition of severe itching of the external female genitalia.

72
Q

syphilis

A

which is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, is a highly contagious sexually transmitted disease that can be fatal if not treated.

73
Q

trichomoniasis

A

is an infection caused by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis, also known as trich.

74
Q

vasovasostomy

A

is a procedure performed as an attempt to restore fertility to a vasectomized male.

75
Q

C-section

A

Cesarean section

76
Q

Cx

A

Cervix

77
Q

D&C

A

Dilation and Curettage

78
Q

DCIS

A

Ductal Carcinoma In Situ

79
Q

DUB

A

Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding

80
Q

GYN

A

Gynecology

81
Q

HPV

A

Human Papillomavirus

82
Q

HRT

A

Hormone Replacement Therapy

83
Q

IUD

A

Intrauterine Device

84
Q

IVF

A

In Vitro Fertilization

85
Q

LMP

A

Last Menstrual Period

86
Q

NICU

A

Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

87
Q

OB

A

Obstetrician

88
Q

Pap test

A

Papanicolaou

89
Q

PCOS

A

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

90
Q

PID

A

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

91
Q

PMS

A

Premenstrual Syndrome

92
Q

STD

A

Sexually Transmitted Disease

93
Q

VBAC

A

Vaginal Birth After a Cesarean

94
Q

Ovaries

A

The ovaries are a pair of small glands that produce female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone) as well as ova (eggs), the female gametes.

95
Q

Fallopian tubes

A

The fallopian tubes are funnel-shaped passages next to the ovary. They have a number of finger-like projections known as fimbriae on the end near the ovary. When an egg is released by the ovary, it is “caught” by one of the fimbriae and transported along the fallopian tube to the uterus. It is on this journey down the fallopian tube that fertilization may occur if a sperm penetrates the egg.

96
Q

Uterus

A

The uterus is a hollow cavity that exists to house a developing fertilized egg. The thick wall of the uterus is composed of three layers. The perimetrium is the layer of tissue that lines the outside of the uterus. The myometrium is the middle layer of the uterus that is primarily made up of smooth muscle. The endometrium is the inner layer of the uterus that is shed each month if no pregnancy occurs.

97
Q

Cervix

A

The cervix is the lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina.

98
Q

Vagina

A

The vagina is an elastic, muscular tube that connects the cervix of the uterus to the exterior of the body. The vagina functions as the receptacle for the penis during sexual intercourse. It also serves as the birth canal of the fetus during childbirth. During menstruation, the menstrual flow exits the body via the vagina.

99
Q

Testicles

A

The two testicles, or testes, produce and store millions of tiny sperm cells. The testicles are also part of the endocrine system because they produce hormones, including testosterone.

100
Q

Epididymis and Vas Deferens

A

The epididymis and the vas deferens make up the duct system of the male reproductive organs. The vas deferens is a muscular tube that passes upward alongside the testicles and transports the sperm-containing fluid called semen. The epididymis is a set of coiled tubes (one for each testicle) that connects to the vas deferens.

101
Q

Scrotum

A

The epididymis and the testicles hang in a pouch-like structure outside the pelvis called the scrotum. This bag of skin helps to regulate the temperature of testicles, which need to be kept cooler than body temperature to produce sperm.

102
Q

Seminal Vesicles and Prostate Gland

A

The seminal vesicles and the prostate gland provide fluids that lubricate the duct system and nourish the sperm.

103
Q

Penis

A

The penis is the external male sex organ and is made up of two parts: the shaft and the glans. The shaft is the main part of the penis and the glans is the tip. At the end of the glans is a small slit or opening, which is where semen and urine exit the body through the urethra.

104
Q

Reproduction Cycle

A

About once a month, an ovum (egg) is released by the female’s ovary and sent down the fallopian tube-a process known as ovulation. Sperm enters the fallopian tube and burrows into the egg-a process known as fertilization. This union forms a single cell known as a zygote. The zygote then becomes implanted in the lining of the uterus. The uterus expands dramatically as the egg develops into an embryo and then a growing fetus. When the fetus is mature enough to survive outside of the womb, the cervix dilates, and contractions of the uterus propel it through the birth canal.

Reproductive structures begin to form in the embryonic stage. By week 6, gonads and genitalia are present but undifferentiated. Whether they become male or female is determined by one chromosome delivered by the sperm.

105
Q

Gender

A

The female egg contains an X sex chromosome, and the male sperm contains either an X or a Y sex chromosome. If the chromosome pair is XY, the gonads develop into testes starting in week 7. If the chromosome pair is XX, the gonads become ovaries starting in week 8.

Testes secrete testosterone, forming male genitalia around week 10. Without testosterone, female genitalia form. All reproductive structures are in place at birth or shortly after. At puberty, an increase in sex hormones will grow them to their adult size and reproductive capability.

106
Q

Gravida

A

ndicates the number of times the woman has been pregnant (current and past), regardless of the pregnancy outcomes.

107
Q

Para

A

idicates the number of viable births. Pregnancies consisting of multiples, such as twins or triplets, count as ONE birth for the purpose of this notation.

108
Q

Abortus

A

is the number of pregnancies that were lost for any reason, including induced abortions or miscarriages. The abortus term is not used when no pregnancies have been lost.

109
Q

G3P3

A

A woman who has had three pregnancies, all of which resulted in live births, would be G3P3.

110
Q

G3P2A1

A

A woman who has had three pregnancies, one of which was an abortion, would be G3P2A1.

111
Q

G2P0A2

A

A woman who has had two pregnancies, both of which resulted in miscarriages, would be G2P0A2.

Medical Terminology (19 decks)

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