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Medical Terminology > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Adren/o

A

Adrenal gland

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2
Q

Crin/o,

A

To secrete

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3
Q

Gluc/o

A

Glucose, sugar

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4
Q

Glyc/o

A

Glucose, sugar

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5
Q

Gonad/o

A

Sex glands

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6
Q

Pancreat/o

A

Pancreat/o

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7
Q

Pituitar/o

A

Pituitary gland

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8
Q

Somat/o

A

Body

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9
Q

Thym/o

A

Thymus gland

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10
Q

Thyr/o, Thyroid/o

A

Thyroid gland

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11
Q

a-, an-

A

Without

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12
Q

anti-

A

Opposing, against

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13
Q

endo-

A

Within

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14
Q

hyper-

A

Increased

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15
Q

hypo-

A

Decreased

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16
Q

para-

A

Near, alongside of

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17
Q

pre-

A

Before

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18
Q

poly-

A

Excessive

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19
Q

-crine

A

To secrete

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20
Q

-dipsia

A

Thirst

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21
Q

-ectomy

A

Surgical removal

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22
Q

-emia

A

Blood condition

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23
Q

-ia

A

Abnormal condition

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24
Q

-ism

A

Condition, state of

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25
Q

-itis

A

Inflammation

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26
Q

-megaly

A

Abnormal enlargement

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27
Q

-oma

A

Tumor

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28
Q

-osis

A

Abnormal condition

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29
Q

-phagia

A

Eating

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30
Q

-rrhea

A

Discharge

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31
Q

-tropin

A

To stimulate

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32
Q

Addison’s disease

A

is a condition that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone.

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33
Q

Conn’s syndrome

A

is a disorder of the adrenal glands due to excessive production of aldosterone.

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34
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

is caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol.

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35
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

is a condition caused by insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone or by the inability of the kidneys to respond to the antidiuretic hormone.

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36
Q

electrolytes

A

are mineral substances, such as sodium and potassium, that are normally found in the blood.

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37
Q

epinephrine

A

also known as adrenaline, a norepinephrine, stimulates the sympathetic nervous system.

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38
Q

estrogen

A

is the female hormone that is important in the development and maintenance of the female secondary sex characteristics and in regulation of the menstrual cycle.

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39
Q

gestational diabetes mellitus

A

is the form of diabetes that occurs during some pregnancies.

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40
Q

glucagon

A

is the hormone that increases the amount of glucose by stimulating the liver to convert glycogen into glucose for release into the bloodstream.

41
Q

glucose

A

is the basic form of energy used by the body, also known as blood sugar.

42
Q

glycogen

A

is the form in which the liver stores the excess glucose.

43
Q

Graves’ disease

A

is an autoimmune disorder that is a form of hyperthyroidism characterized by goiter, exophthalmos, or both.

44
Q

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system mistakenly attacks thyroid tissue.

45
Q

leptin

A

is a hormone secreted by fat cells.

46
Q

polydipsia

A

is excessive thirst.

47
Q

polyphagia

A

is excessive hunger.

48
Q

polyuria

A

is excessive urination.

49
Q

progesterone

A

is the female hormone that functions to complete the preparations for pregnancy.

50
Q

testosterone

A

is the hormone secreted by the testicles that stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics.

51
Q

a.c.

A

before meals

52
Q

p.c.

A

after meals

53
Q

Ca

A

Calcium

54
Q

K+

A

Potassium

55
Q

Na+

A

Sodium

56
Q

DKA

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis

57
Q

DM

A

Diabetes Mellitus

58
Q

Epi

A

Epinephrine

59
Q

FBS

A

Fasting blood sugar

60
Q

GTT

A

Glucose tolerance test

61
Q

Hb or Hgb

A

Hemoglobin

62
Q

HCG

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

63
Q

IDDM

A

Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

64
Q

NIDDM

A

Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

65
Q

TSH

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

66
Q

Hypothalamus

A

The hypothalamus is a region of the brain that controls an immense number of bodily functions, including:Heart rate and blood pressure
Body temperature
Fluid and electrolyte balance, including thirst
Appetite and weight
Glandular secretions of the stomach and intestines
Sleep-wake cycle
Sex drive
Another important function of the hypothalamus is to control the pituitary gland.

67
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

The pituitary gland is often dubbed the endocrine system’s “master gland” because its hormones send signals to other endocrine glands to stimulate or inhibit their own hormone production.

68
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Stimulates the adrenal glands to produce hormones

69
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Ensures normal functioning of ovaries and testes

70
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

Aids the growth of healthy bone and muscle mass

71
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Works with FSH to ensure normal functioning of ovaries and testes

72
Q

Prolactin

A

Stimulates production of breast milk after childbirth

73
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce hormones

74
Q

Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

Increases the production of melanin, causing darkening of the skin pigmentation

75
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Helps control blood pressure by prompting the kidneys to reduce the amount of water excreted

76
Q

Oxytocin

A

Contracts the uterus during childbirth and stimulates breast milk production

77
Q

Parathyroid Glands

A

The parathyroid glands are four small glands that have the sole purpose of secreting parathyroid hormone to regulate the calcium level in our bodies. Though they are located near each other, the parathyroid glands are not related to the thyroid gland.

78
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

Derived from the Greek word meaning shield, the thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located in front of the trachea in the neck. It is comprised of two halves, known as lobes, which are attached by a band of thyroid tissue called the isthmus.

The thyroid’s main role in the endocrine system is to regulate the body’s metabolism. Metabolism describes all the processes involved in the body’s use of nutrients, including the rate at which they are used.

79
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Located near the center of the brain, the pineal gland is a very small organ shaped like a pine cone (which is where it gets its name).

The pineal gland secretes a single hormone-melatonin. Melatonin helps control your circadian rhythm. The circadian rhythm is the body’s internal clock characterized by sleep-wake cycles. Darkness and daylight help dictate your circadian rhythm. Melatonin stays elevated for most of the night, and light exposure stops the release of melatonin.

80
Q

Thymus Gland

A

The thymus gland is located behind the sternum and between the lungs.

The thymus secretes thymosin, a hormone that is instrumental in the production and maturation of T-lymphocytes or T cells. T cells are a specific type of white blood cell that circulates around the body scanning for cellular abnormalities and foreign invaders. T cells have the ability to kill cells infected with viruses and bacteria, eradicate cancer cells, and help the body protect itself again autoimmunity-when the immune system turns against itself.

The thymus gland does no function throughout a full lifetime; it is only active until puberty. Fortunately, the thymus produces all of the body’s T cells by the time of puberty.

81
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

The adrenal glands are two glands that sit on top of the kidneys. Their name directly relates to their location-ad means “in the direction of” and renal means “pertaining to the kidneys”.

One of the primary functions of the adrenal glands is to control the body’s electrolyte levels. Electrolytes are minerals in the body that carry the electrical energy for the proper functioning of the digestive, nervous, cardiac, and muscular systems.

Each adrenal gland is comprised of two distinct structures-the outer part of the adrenal glands is called the adrenal cortex. The inner region is known as the adrenal medulla.

82
Q

Cortisol

A

Helps regulate metabolism and also has anti-inflammatory action

83
Q

Aldosterone

A

Keeps the electrolyte balance within normal limits

84
Q

Androgens

A

Releases small amount of male and female sex hormones

85
Q

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

A

Helps you deal with physical and emotional stress

86
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Works with epinephrine in responding to stress

87
Q

Pancreas

A

The pancreas belongs to the endocrine and digestive systems-with most of its cells (more than 90%) working on the digestive side. However, the pancreas performs the vital duty of producing hormones-most notably insulin-to maintain the balance of blood glucose (sugar) and salt in the body. Without this balance, your body is susceptible to serious complications, such as diabetes.

88
Q

Insulin

A

Moves glucose from your blood into the cells for energy. This drops blood glucose levels.

89
Q

Glucagon

A

Works in the opposite way of insulin by stimulating the cells to release glucose. This raises blood glucose levels.

90
Q

Ovaries and Testes

A

The female ovaries and the male testes are gamete-producing glands. A gamete is a reproductive cell-the ovum (egg) in a female and sperm in a male.
Ovaries produce and release two groups of sex hormones-progesterone and estrogen. Progesterone and estrogen are necessary to prepare the uterus for menstruation, and their release is triggered by the hypothalamus.

The testes secrete testosterone, which is necessary for proper physical development in boys. During puberty, testosterone is involved in the development of male secondary sex characteristics, including development of male sex organs, growth of facial and body hair, lowering of the voice, and increase in height and muscle mass.

91
Q

To get an idea of just how much your body functions are controlled by your endocrine system, let’s walk through your average day and consider when the various structures of the system come into play.

A

7 a.m.-It’s morning, so you wake up. This is controlled by your pineal gland, which has an influence on your sleep-wake cycles.
7:30 a.m.-You eat your breakfast. Your thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, and pancreas all secrete hormones that help control metabolism, blood sugar levels, blood calcium, and electrolytes.
8 a.m.-You head out to work. The thymus gland plays a role in the immune reaction, helping your immune system keep you healthy and fight infections while you’re out and about and exposed to other people at work.
9 a.m.-12 p.m.-You work at your job. The adrenal gland controls your response to stress and the thyroid gland controls the activity of the nervous system.
12-12:30 p.m.-You eat your lunch. Once again, your thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, and pancreas all play a part in digesting and metabolizing the nutrients you take in.
12:30-5:30 p.m.-You go back to work. Again, depending on your stress level at work, your adrenal gland may work overtime, even if you don’t!
6:30 p.m.-You eat your dinner. To help you digest your food and adjust to the new nutrients that come into your body, your thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, and pancreas all swing into action.
10 p.m.-It’s bedtime. The pineal gland does its job by affecting your sleep-wake cycle and triggering sleep.

92
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

As you learned previously, the pancreas performs the vital duty of producing insulin to maintain the balance of blood sugar in the body. Chronically elevated blood sugar levels can lead to serious endocrine disorders, most notably diabetes mellitus.

93
Q

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

A

In type 1 diabetes, the body doesn’t produce any insulin to handle the glucose in the body. Glucose is a sugar that comes, in large part, from foods we eat. All of the cells in the body need sugar to work normally. Insulin allows glucose to enter cells in the body where it is needed and stored for later use. Without insulin, blood glucose levels become too high and, over time, this can damage the body causing a range of complications. Therefore, people with type 1 diabetes have to take insulin to help their body use glucose appropriately. Insulin delivery options include injections using a syringe, injection pen, or insulin pump.
No one knows for sure what causes type 1 diabetes, but researchers say genes play a role. There is an inherited susceptibility, but something must trigger the immune system to turn against itself by destroying the body’s beta cells, which make insulin.

94
Q

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

A

Type 2 diabetes is much more prevalent than type 1, with about 90-95% of diabetics having type 2. People with type 2 diabetes may be able to produce insulin, but their bodies don’t use it correctly. This is referred to as being insulin resistant. They might also be unable to produce enough insulin to handle the glucose in their body.

Genes also play a role in type 2 diabetes, but lifestyle choices are also important. Maintaining a healthy weight, staying active and eating well will greatly influence how well your body uses insulin.

Treatment includes lifestyle changes and sometimes medications. Type 2 diabetes is a progressive condition, meaning that the longer someone has it, the more help they will need to manage blood glucose levels. This may require more medications and, eventually, injected insulin could be needed.

95
Q

Neuropathy (disease of the nerves)

A

Most often affects the nerves going to the feet. Patients experience pain and tingling and may eventually lose sensation in their feet. The most serious complication can result when patients don’t realize they have an ulceration on the foot, the ulcer becomes infected, and the foot requires amputation.

96
Q

Retinopathy (disease of the eye)

A

Results when high blood sugar causes damage to blood vessels in the retina. Diabetic retinopathy can lead to blindness.

97
Q

Nephropathy (disease of the kidney)

A

Can lead to kidney failure and the need for dialysis and/or kidney transplant. In diabetic nephropathy, high blood sugar damages the blood vessels that filter the blood to make urine.

98
Q

Coronary heart disease

A

Can lead to a heart attack

99
Q

Cerebrovascular disease

A

Can lead to a stroke.

Medical Terminology (19 decks)

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