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Medical Terminology > Lesson 4 > Flashcards

Lesson 4 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Aden/o

A

Gland

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2
Q

Axill/o

A

Armpit

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3
Q

Carcin/o

A

Cancer

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4
Q

Cyt/o

A

Cell

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5
Q

Immun/o

A

Immune

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6
Q

Lymph/o

A

Lymph, lymphatic tissue

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7
Q

Lymphaden/o

A

Lymph node (gland)

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8
Q

Lymphangi/o

A

Lymph vessel

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9
Q

Mamm/o

A

Breast

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10
Q

Mast/o

A

Breast

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11
Q

Myc/o

A

Fungus

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12
Q

Onc/o

A

Tumor

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13
Q

Path/o

A

Disease

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14
Q

Phag/o

A

Eat or swallow

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15
Q

Phot/o

A

Light

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16
Q

Splen/o (one “e”)

A

Spleen

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17
Q

Thym/o

A

Thymus gland

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18
Q

Tonsill/o

A

Tonsils

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19
Q

Tox/o

A

Poison

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20
Q

anti-

A

Against

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21
Q

macro-

A

Large

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22
Q

neo-

A

New

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23
Q

-al

A

Pertaining to

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24
Q

-ary

A

Pertaining to

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25
Q

-cyte

A

Cell

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26
Q

-ectomy

A

Surgical removal

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27
Q

-gen

A

Producing, causing

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28
Q

-ic

A

Pertaining to

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29
Q

-itis

A

Inflammation

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30
Q

-megaly

A

Abnormal enlargement

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31
Q

-ologist

A

Specialist

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32
Q

-ology

A

Study of

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33
Q

-oma

A

Tumor

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34
Q

-plasm

A

Formation or growth

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35
Q

allergen

A

is a substance that produces an allergic reaction in an individual.

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36
Q

anaphylaxis

A

is a severe response to an allergen, in which the symptoms develop quickly. Without help, the patient can die within a few minutes.

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37
Q

antibody

A

is a disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen.

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38
Q

antigen-antibody reaction

A

involves the binding of antigens to antibodies, also known as the immune reaction

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39
Q

antigen

A

is any substance that the body regards as being foreign.

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40
Q

autoimmune disorder

A

is any of a large group of diseases characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies to work against its own tissues.

41
Q

bacilli

A

are rod-shaped spore-forming bacteria that cause diseases such as tuberculosis and tetanus.

42
Q

bacteria

A

are a group of one-celled microscopic organisms, some of which cause diseases in humans.

43
Q

carcinoma in situ

A

describes a malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding tissues.

44
Q

carcinoma

A

is a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue.

45
Q

infiltrating ductal carcinoma

A

is breast cancer that starts in the milk duct, breaks through the wall of that duct, and invades the surrounding fatty breast tissue.

46
Q

metastasis

A

is the noun that describes the new cancer site that results from the spreading process.

47
Q

metastasize

A

is the verb that describes the process by which cancer spreads from one place to another

48
Q

rickettsia

A

is a small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites and can be transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected tick.

49
Q

sarcoma

A

is a malignant tumor that arises from connective tissue.

50
Q

spirochetes

A

are spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement.

51
Q

staphylococci

A

are bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters.

52
Q

streptococci

A

are bacteria that form a chain.

53
Q

toxoplasmosis

A

is a parasite that is most commonly transmitted from pets to humans by contact with contaminated feces. If a woman contracts this condition during pregnancy, it can result in abnormalities in the developing child such as microcephalus or hydrocephalus.

54
Q

varicella

A

is a disease caused by a herpes virus that is highly contagious, also known as chickenpox.

55
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

56
Q

Ca

A

Cancer

57
Q

DCIS

A

Ductal carcinoma in situ

58
Q

EBV

A

Epstein-Barr virus

59
Q

HIV

A

Human immunodeficiency virus

60
Q

MMR

A

Measles, mumps, rubella (vaccination)

61
Q

MRSA

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

62
Q

NHL

A

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

63
Q

VZV

A

Varicella zoster virus

64
Q

Lymph

A

Lymph is a clear, watery fluid that originates in the tissue space around cells. Lymph contains white blood cells (lymphocytes), which help the body fight disease.

65
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

Lymph enters capillaries within the tissues and then flows into progressively larger vessels as it travels by the action of body muscles to a large vein in the neck, where it enters the bloodstream.

66
Q

Lymphatic ducts

A

Larger lymphatic vessels eventually join together to form two ducts. The right lymphatic duct empties into the right subclavian vein. The thoracic duct (the largest lymphatic vessel) empties into the left subclavian vein.

67
Q

Lymphocytes and Macrophages

A

Lymphocytes are white blood cells that are made in bone marrow and defend the body against foreign substances. Macrophages are a type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills unwanted microscopic particles, such as bacteria and dead cells.

68
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Lymph nodes are small structures that work as filters. They contain specialized white blood cells (lymphocytes and macrophages) that destroy harmful substances in the lymph before it returns to the bloodstream. There are hundreds of lymph nodes throughout the body. Lymph nodes are clustered in areas where the lymphatic vessels branch off—the groin (inguinal nodes), the armpits (axillary nodes), and the neck (cervical nodes).

69
Q

Tonsils

A

Tonsils are clusters of lymphatic tissue just under the mucous membranes that line the nose, mouth, and throat. Lymphocytes and macrophages in the tonsils provide protection against harmful substances that may enter the body through the nose or mouth.

70
Q

Spleen

A

The spleen is the largest lymphatic organ in the body. The spleen filters foreign substances from the blood in much the same way as lymph nodes filter lymph.

71
Q

Thymus Gland

A

The primary function of the thymus gland is the development of T-lymphocytes or T cells, an extremely important type of white blood cell. After the T cells have matured, they enter the bloodstream and go to other lymphatic organs where they defend the body from potentially deadly pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

72
Q

Bacteria

A

Only a small minority of bacteria have developed the ability to cause disease in humans. Most bacteria can be classified by their shapes as rods (bacilli), spheres (cocci), or spirals (spirochetes). Disease-causing bacteria can enter the body via the airways, digestive tract, breaks in the skin, or during sexual contact.

73
Q

Viruses

A

Viruses

74
Q

Fungi

A

Fungi are microorganisms that include yeast and molds. In humans, diseases such as ringworm, athlete’s foot, and thrush as caused by fungi.

75
Q

Parasites

A

A parasite is a microorganism that lives on or within a host organism and gets its food at the expense of its host. Of all parasitic diseases, malaria causes the most deaths globally.

76
Q

Antibiotics

A

are drugs that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria and are used to treat bacterial infections.

77
Q

Antifungals

A

also known as antimycotics, represent a large and diverse group of drugs used to treat fungal infections.

78
Q

Antivirals

A

are drugs that kill viruses or inhibit their ability to reproduce.

79
Q

Vaccines

A

create antibodies that will be the same as those produced if the person was exposed to the pathogen. If the vaccinated person then comes into contact with the disease-causing microbe, the immune system remembers the antibodies it made to the vaccine and can make them faster. The person is said to be immune to the pathogen.

80
Q

Lymphadenopathy

A

Swollen lymph nodes due to infection.

81
Q

Lymphedema

A

Accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues that causes abnormal swelling. It occurs when there is damage to the lymphatic system that prevents lymph from draining properly.

82
Q

Lymphoma

A

Cancer that originates in lymphoid tissue. The disease results from the uncontrolled production of lymphocytes.

83
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

A severe, possibly life-threatening, allergic reaction in an individual. The most common anaphylactic reactions are to foods (nuts, shellfish, eggs), medicines, bee stings, contrast dyes used in medical tests, and latex.

84
Q

Herpes zoster

A

Also called “shingles,” this is a reactivation of the varicella (chickenpox) virus in adults. This acute viral infection is characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow one or more skin dermatomes. A dermatome is the area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve.

85
Q

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

A

The virus damages the T cells of the immune system, causing it to progressively fail and leaving the body susceptible to infections.

86
Q

Lyme disease

A

Bacterial infection transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected tick.

87
Q

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

A

A bacterial infection that is resistant to most commonly used antibiotics. The consequences are severe because the risk of complications and death is increased.

88
Q

Thrush

A

An infection that occurs in the mouth, caused by a pathogenic yeast.

89
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

is a type of carcinoma that forms in glandular tissue. It is most prevalent in the lungs, prostate, pancreas, esophagus, colon and rectum.

90
Q

Benign

A

tumors are noncancerous, slow-growing, and noninvasive.

91
Q

Carcinoma

A

is the most common type of cancer. It occurs in the epithelial tissue of the skin, or in the tissue that lines the internal organs, such as the liver or kidneys.

92
Q

Malignant

A

tumors are cancerous. They are life-threatening, invade nearby healthy tissue, and may spread to other areas of the body.

93
Q

Metastasis

A

is the spread of cancer cells to new areas of the body, often by way of the lymph system or bloodstream.

94
Q

Neoplasm

A

means abnormal growth of new tissue. A neoplasm can be either benign or malignant.

95
Q

Sarcoma

A

is a type of cancer that forms in the connective tissues of the body, including bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, or blood vessels. Sarcomas occur in less than one percent of all people diagnosed with cancer.

96
Q

Stage 0

A

This stage describes cancer that is still located in the place it started and has not spread to nearby tissues. This is referred to as “carcinoma in situ.” This stage of cancer is often highly curable, usually by surgically removing the entire tumor.

97
Q

Stage 1

A

This stage is a small tumor that has not spread to the lymph nodes or other parts of the body. It is often called early-stage cancer.

98
Q

Stage 2 and Stage 3

A

These two stages indicate larger tumors that have spread to lymph nodes but not to other parts of the body.

99
Q

Stage 4

A

This stage means that the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, most commonly the brain, lungs, liver, or bones. It is also known as advanced or metastatic cancer.

Medical Terminology (19 decks)

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