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Medical Terminology > Lesson 8 > Flashcards

Lesson 8 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Cephal/o

A

Head

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2
Q

Cerebell/o

A

Cerebellum

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3
Q

Cerebr/o

A

Cerebrum

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4
Q

Encephal/o

A

Brain

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5
Q

Gli/o

A

Glial cell

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6
Q

Mening/o, Meningi/o

A

Meninges

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7
Q

Myel/o

A

Spinal cord

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8
Q

Neur/o

A

Nerve

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9
Q

Poli/o

A

Gray matter of brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

Psych/o

A

Mind

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11
Q

an-

A

Without, absence

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12
Q

anti-

A

Against

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13
Q

post-

A

After

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14
Q

-blast

A

Immature

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15
Q

-esthesia

A

Feeling, sensation

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16
Q

-graphy

A

The process of producing a record

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17
Q

-lepsy

A

Seizure

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18
Q

-oma

A

Tumor

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19
Q

-pathy

A

Disease

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20
Q

-phasia

A

Speech

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21
Q

-phobia

A

Irrational fear

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22
Q

-plegia

A

Paralysis

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23
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A

is a degenerative disease of the motor nerve cells of the brain and the spinal cord, in which patients become progressively weaker until they are completely paralyzed.

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24
Q

anesthetic

A

is the medication used to induce anesthesia, which is the absence of normal sensation, especially sensitivity to pain.

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25
Q

anesthetist

A

is a medical professional who specializes in administering anesthesia, but is not a physician, for example, a nurse anesthetist.

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26
Q

carotid ultrasonography

A

is an ultrasound study of the carotid artery to detect plaque buildup in the artery to predict or diagnose an ischemic stroke.

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27
Q

cerebrovascular accident

A

also known as stroke, is damage to the brain that occurs when the blood flow to the brain is disrupted by a blockage of the blood supply.

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28
Q

claustrophobia

A

is an abnormal fear of being in narrow or enclosed spaces.

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29
Q

coma

A

is a deep state of unconsciousness marked by the absence of spontaneous eye movements, no response to painful stimuli, and the lack of speech.

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30
Q

delirium

A

is an acute and potentially reversible condition that comes on suddenly, and is often associated with high fever, intoxication, or shock.

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31
Q

delusion

A

is a false personal belief that is maintained despite obvious proof or evidence to the contrary.

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32
Q

dementia

A

is a slowly progressive decline in the mental abilities, that is often accompanied by personality changes.

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33
Q

echoencephalography

A

is the use of ultrasound imaging to diagnose a shift in the midline structures of the brain.

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34
Q

electroencephalography

A

is the process of recording the electrical activity of the brain through the use of electrodes attached to the scalp.

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35
Q

epilepsy

A

is a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent episodes of seizures of varying severity.

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36
Q

factitious disorder

A

is a condition in which an individual acts as if they have a physical or mental illness when they are not really sick.

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37
Q

hallucination

A

is a sense perception such as sight or sound that has no basis in external stimulation.

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38
Q

hemorrhagic stroke

A

also known as a bleed, is damage that occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures.

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39
Q

ischemic stroke

A

occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked. This type of stroke can be caused by narrowing of the carotid artery or by a cerebral thrombosis.

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40
Q

lethargy

A

is a lowered level of consciousness marked by listlessness, drowsiness, and apathy.

41
Q

peripheral neuropathy

A

is a painful condition of the nerves of the hands and feet that’s caused by damage to the peripheral nerves.

42
Q

posttraumatic stress disorder

A

is the development of characteristic symptoms after a traumatic event, during which the patient felt intense fear, helplessness, or horror.

43
Q

Cognitive processes

A

Learning, concentration, memory, language, reasoning, and decision making

44
Q

Comatose

A

Refers to a person in a coma

45
Q

Congenital

A

Present at birth

46
Q

Gait

A

Manner of walking

47
Q

Ischemic

A

Pertaining to an interruption in blood supply to the brain

48
Q

Recreational drug

A

Used for personal pleasure rather than medical reasons

49
Q

Sclerosis

A

Abnormal hardening of body tissue

50
Q

Somatic

A

Pertaining to the physical body (as opposed to the mind)

51
Q

Spasticity

A

Condition characterized by tight or stiff muscles

52
Q

Syncope

A

Fainting

53
Q

Transient

A

Passing quickly

54
Q

AD

A

Alzheimer’s disease

55
Q

ADHD

A

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

56
Q

ALS

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

57
Q

CNS

A

Central nervous system

58
Q

CP

A

Cerebral palsy

59
Q

CSF

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

60
Q

CVA

A

Cerebrovascular accident (stroke)

61
Q

EEG

A

Electroencephalography

62
Q

EMG

A

Electromyography

63
Q

GAD

A

Generalized anxiety disorder

64
Q

LOC

A

Loss of consciousness

65
Q

LP

A

Lumbar puncture

66
Q

MS

A

Multiple sclerosis

67
Q

OCD

A

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

68
Q

PD

A

Parkinson’s disease

69
Q

PTSD

A

Post-traumatic stress disorder

70
Q

RLS

A

Restless legs syndrome

71
Q

Sz

A

Seizure

72
Q

TBI

A

Traumatic brain injury

73
Q

TENS

A

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

74
Q

TIA

A

Transient ischemic attack

75
Q

Sensory neurons

A

gather information from inside the body and the outside environment. The neurons then carry the information to the central nervous system.

76
Q

Interpretation

A

occurs in the brain and spinal cord to process the sensory input that was received.

77
Q

Motor neurons

A

relay the information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands of the body where the action takes place.

78
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. It sends out nerve impulses and analyzes information from the sense organs, which tell your brain about things you see, hear, smell, taste, and feel. (Sense orders are discussed in the next chapter.)

79
Q

Brain

A

Located in the cranial cavity, the brain processes a constant stream of sensory data which gives us awareness of ourselves and of our environment.

80
Q

Spinal Cord

A

The spinal cord is a pathway that relays information from the brain to the organs and tissues of the neck, torso, and limbs. It is protected by the bony spinal column.

81
Q

Meninges

A

Meninges are three protective membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord.

82
Q

A longitudinal fissure

A

divides the brain into two halves, known as the left and right cerebral hemispheres. These halves are interconnected by a pathway of nerve fibers along which information continuously passes. Of note, the left half of the brain controls the right side of the body. The right half of the brain controls the left side of the body.

83
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

The peripheral nervous system allows the brain and spinal cord to communicate with the rest of the body. It includes the cranial nerves originating in the brain and the spinal nerves that branch off from segments of the spinal cord. Each nerve is connected to a particular area of the torso or limbs and is responsible for communication to and from these regions.

84
Q

Cranial nerves

A

These are 12 pairs of nerves that relay sensory (sensations) and motor (movement) signals between the brain and areas in the body. Each nerve of a pair serves half of the body.

85
Q

Spinal nerves

A

The 31 pairs of spinal nerves send sensory, motor, and autonomic signals between the CNS and the body.

86
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

The autonomic nervous system controls the involuntary actions of the body, such as breathing and heartbeat. The autonomic system also controls homeostasis by regulating the organ systems of the body. Sweat glands, for example, are controlled by the autonomic system. Sweating helps cool the body down when it gets hot.

87
Q

Neurons

A

are the building blocks of the nervous system. Information travels along neurons as electrical signals-nerve impulses. All neurons have the same basic parts.

88
Q

Glial cells

A

are the other type of cells found in nervous tissue. They do not actually conduct electrical impulses. They are supporting cells, maintaining the environment around the neurons and helping neurons complete their function of communication.

89
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Myelin sheaths are sleeves of fatty substance that wrap around and insulate nerve fibers (axons) in the brain and spinal cord, much like the insulation around electrical wires. They also serve to increase the speed of electrical communication between neurons.

90
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease. The antibodies produced by lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) mark myelin as something that should not be in the body. This causes inflammation and the destruction of the myelin in the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. As the insulation around the axons is destroyed by the disease, scarring becomes obvious. This is where the name of the disease comes from; sclerosis means hardening of tissue, which is what a scar is.

91
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive disease caused by a degeneration of brain cells due to dopamine deficiency in the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is responsible for sending messages between the brain and different nerve cells of the body.

92
Q

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

A

A cerebrovascular accident, or stroke, is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States. A CVA is a brain injury caused by an interruption of blood flow to the brain. Brain tissue that does not get oxygen from blood can die within minutes causing sudden loss in bodily functions.

93
Q

Ischemic strokes

A

These result when blood flow to the brain is stopped by a blockage in the carotid artery. This can result from the build-up of plaque inside the artery, a blood clot that forms in the artery and blocks it, or a blood clot that has traveled from another part of the body and lodges in the artery.

94
Q

Hemorrhagic strokes

A

Less common than ischemic strokes, these result from bleeding in the brain either from a ruptured brain aneurysm or when a weakened blood vessel leaks. Blood around the brain creates swelling and pressure, damaging tissue in the brain.

95
Q

Epilepsy

A

Epilepsy is a condition affecting the brain that predisposes a person to have recurrent seizures. Seizures are abnormal electrical brain activity, which can cause unusual behaviors such as shaking and possible loss of consciousness.

96
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)

A

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia. Dementia is a term used for a collection of symptoms that can be caused by a number of disorders that affect the brain. Symptoms of dementia include forgetfulness and impaired social skills and thinking abilities that interfere with daily functioning. People with Alzheimer’s find it hard to have conversations or complete simple tasks, like getting dressed. They can also become angry or depressed. Those in the later stages of the disease can no longer care for themselves.

97
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

Bipolar disorder is a type of mood disorder characterized by extreme swings in mood, energy, and ability to function that are more dramatic than normal ups and downs. The disorder affects about 2.6% of Americans.
The two mood extremes of bipolar disorder are mania and depression. In mania, the defining symptoms are increased energy and a decreased need for sleep. In depression, a down mood with fatigue takes over, often accompanied by irritability.

98
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Schizophrenia is a brain disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, and diminished emotional expression (eye contact, facial expressions, expressive speech.) It is a complex mental disorder that affects about 1% of Americans.

Medical Terminology (19 decks)

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