Lesson 8 Flashcards
1
Q
Cephal/o
A
Head
2
Q
Cerebell/o
A
Cerebellum
3
Q
Cerebr/o
A
Cerebrum
4
Q
Encephal/o
A
Brain
5
Q
Gli/o
A
Glial cell
6
Q
Mening/o, Meningi/o
A
Meninges
7
Q
Myel/o
A
Spinal cord
8
Q
Neur/o
A
Nerve
9
Q
Poli/o
A
Gray matter of brain and spinal cord
10
Q
Psych/o
A
Mind
11
Q
an-
A
Without, absence
12
Q
anti-
A
Against
13
Q
post-
A
After
14
Q
-blast
A
Immature
15
Q
-esthesia
A
Feeling, sensation
16
Q
-graphy
A
The process of producing a record
17
Q
-lepsy
A
Seizure
18
Q
-oma
A
Tumor
19
Q
-pathy
A
Disease
20
Q
-phasia
A
Speech
21
Q
-phobia
A
Irrational fear
22
Q
-plegia
A
Paralysis
23
Q
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
A
is a degenerative disease of the motor nerve cells of the brain and the spinal cord, in which patients become progressively weaker until they are completely paralyzed.
24
Q
anesthetic
A
is the medication used to induce anesthesia, which is the absence of normal sensation, especially sensitivity to pain.
25
anesthetist
is a medical professional who specializes in administering anesthesia, but is not a physician, for example, a nurse anesthetist.
26
carotid ultrasonography
is an ultrasound study of the carotid artery to detect plaque buildup in the artery to predict or diagnose an ischemic stroke.
27
cerebrovascular accident
also known as stroke, is damage to the brain that occurs when the blood flow to the brain is disrupted by a blockage of the blood supply.
28
claustrophobia
is an abnormal fear of being in narrow or enclosed spaces.
29
coma
is a deep state of unconsciousness marked by the absence of spontaneous eye movements, no response to painful stimuli, and the lack of speech.
30
delirium
is an acute and potentially reversible condition that comes on suddenly, and is often associated with high fever, intoxication, or shock.
31
delusion
is a false personal belief that is maintained despite obvious proof or evidence to the contrary.
32
dementia
is a slowly progressive decline in the mental abilities, that is often accompanied by personality changes.
33
echoencephalography
is the use of ultrasound imaging to diagnose a shift in the midline structures of the brain.
34
electroencephalography
is the process of recording the electrical activity of the brain through the use of electrodes attached to the scalp.
35
epilepsy
is a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent episodes of seizures of varying severity.
36
factitious disorder
is a condition in which an individual acts as if they have a physical or mental illness when they are not really sick.
37
hallucination
is a sense perception such as sight or sound that has no basis in external stimulation.
38
hemorrhagic stroke
also known as a bleed, is damage that occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures.
39
ischemic stroke
occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked. This type of stroke can be caused by narrowing of the carotid artery or by a cerebral thrombosis.
40
lethargy
is a lowered level of consciousness marked by listlessness, drowsiness, and apathy.
41
peripheral neuropathy
is a painful condition of the nerves of the hands and feet that's caused by damage to the peripheral nerves.
42
posttraumatic stress disorder
is the development of characteristic symptoms after a traumatic event, during which the patient felt intense fear, helplessness, or horror.
43
Cognitive processes
Learning, concentration, memory, language, reasoning, and decision making
44
Comatose
Refers to a person in a coma
45
Congenital
Present at birth
46
Gait
Manner of walking
47
Ischemic
Pertaining to an interruption in blood supply to the brain
48
Recreational drug
Used for personal pleasure rather than medical reasons
49
Sclerosis
Abnormal hardening of body tissue
50
Somatic
Pertaining to the physical body (as opposed to the mind)
51
Spasticity
Condition characterized by tight or stiff muscles
52
Syncope
Fainting
53
Transient
Passing quickly
54
AD
Alzheimer's disease
55
ADHD
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
56
ALS
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
57
CNS
Central nervous system
58
CP
Cerebral palsy
59
CSF
Cerebrospinal fluid
60
CVA
Cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
61
EEG
Electroencephalography
62
EMG
Electromyography
63
GAD
Generalized anxiety disorder
64
LOC
Loss of consciousness
65
LP
Lumbar puncture
66
MS
Multiple sclerosis
67
OCD
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
68
PD
Parkinson's disease
69
PTSD
Post-traumatic stress disorder
70
RLS
Restless legs syndrome
71
Sz
Seizure
72
TBI
Traumatic brain injury
73
TENS
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
74
TIA
Transient ischemic attack
75
Sensory neurons
gather information from inside the body and the outside environment. The neurons then carry the information to the central nervous system.
76
Interpretation
occurs in the brain and spinal cord to process the sensory input that was received.
77
Motor neurons
relay the information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands of the body where the action takes place.
78
Central Nervous System (CNS)
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. It sends out nerve impulses and analyzes information from the sense organs, which tell your brain about things you see, hear, smell, taste, and feel. (Sense orders are discussed in the next chapter.)
79
Brain
Located in the cranial cavity, the brain processes a constant stream of sensory data which gives us awareness of ourselves and of our environment.
80
Spinal Cord
The spinal cord is a pathway that relays information from the brain to the organs and tissues of the neck, torso, and limbs. It is protected by the bony spinal column.
81
Meninges
Meninges are three protective membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord.
82
A longitudinal fissure
divides the brain into two halves, known as the left and right cerebral hemispheres. These halves are interconnected by a pathway of nerve fibers along which information continuously passes. Of note, the left half of the brain controls the right side of the body. The right half of the brain controls the left side of the body.
83
Peripheral Nervous System
The peripheral nervous system allows the brain and spinal cord to communicate with the rest of the body. It includes the cranial nerves originating in the brain and the spinal nerves that branch off from segments of the spinal cord. Each nerve is connected to a particular area of the torso or limbs and is responsible for communication to and from these regions.
84
Cranial nerves
These are 12 pairs of nerves that relay sensory (sensations) and motor (movement) signals between the brain and areas in the body. Each nerve of a pair serves half of the body.
85
Spinal nerves
The 31 pairs of spinal nerves send sensory, motor, and autonomic signals between the CNS and the body.
86
Autonomic Nervous System
The autonomic nervous system controls the involuntary actions of the body, such as breathing and heartbeat. The autonomic system also controls homeostasis by regulating the organ systems of the body. Sweat glands, for example, are controlled by the autonomic system. Sweating helps cool the body down when it gets hot.
87
Neurons
are the building blocks of the nervous system. Information travels along neurons as electrical signals-nerve impulses. All neurons have the same basic parts.
88
Glial cells
are the other type of cells found in nervous tissue. They do not actually conduct electrical impulses. They are supporting cells, maintaining the environment around the neurons and helping neurons complete their function of communication.
89
Myelin Sheath
Myelin sheaths are sleeves of fatty substance that wrap around and insulate nerve fibers (axons) in the brain and spinal cord, much like the insulation around electrical wires. They also serve to increase the speed of electrical communication between neurons.
90
Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease. The antibodies produced by lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) mark myelin as something that should not be in the body. This causes inflammation and the destruction of the myelin in the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. As the insulation around the axons is destroyed by the disease, scarring becomes obvious. This is where the name of the disease comes from; sclerosis means hardening of tissue, which is what a scar is.
91
Parkinson's Disease
Parkinson's disease is a progressive disease caused by a degeneration of brain cells due to dopamine deficiency in the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is responsible for sending messages between the brain and different nerve cells of the body.
92
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
A cerebrovascular accident, or stroke, is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States. A CVA is a brain injury caused by an interruption of blood flow to the brain. Brain tissue that does not get oxygen from blood can die within minutes causing sudden loss in bodily functions.
93
Ischemic strokes
These result when blood flow to the brain is stopped by a blockage in the carotid artery. This can result from the build-up of plaque inside the artery, a blood clot that forms in the artery and blocks it, or a blood clot that has traveled from another part of the body and lodges in the artery.
94
Hemorrhagic strokes
Less common than ischemic strokes, these result from bleeding in the brain either from a ruptured brain aneurysm or when a weakened blood vessel leaks. Blood around the brain creates swelling and pressure, damaging tissue in the brain.
95
Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a condition affecting the brain that predisposes a person to have recurrent seizures. Seizures are abnormal electrical brain activity, which can cause unusual behaviors such as shaking and possible loss of consciousness.
96
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)
Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia. Dementia is a term used for a collection of symptoms that can be caused by a number of disorders that affect the brain. Symptoms of dementia include forgetfulness and impaired social skills and thinking abilities that interfere with daily functioning. People with Alzheimer's find it hard to have conversations or complete simple tasks, like getting dressed. They can also become angry or depressed. Those in the later stages of the disease can no longer care for themselves.
97
Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder is a type of mood disorder characterized by extreme swings in mood, energy, and ability to function that are more dramatic than normal ups and downs. The disorder affects about 2.6% of Americans.
The two mood extremes of bipolar disorder are mania and depression. In mania, the defining symptoms are increased energy and a decreased need for sleep. In depression, a down mood with fatigue takes over, often accompanied by irritability.
98
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a brain disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, and diminished emotional expression (eye contact, facial expressions, expressive speech.) It is a complex mental disorder that affects about 1% of Americans.
