Lesson 7 Flashcards
1
Q
Bacteri/o
A
Bacteria
2
Q
Cyst/o
A
Urinary bladder
3
Q
Glycos/o
A
Sugar, glucose
4
Q
Hem/o, Hemat/o
A
Hem/o, Hemat/o
5
Q
Hydr/o
A
Relating to water
6
Q
Lith/o
A
Stone, calculus
7
Q
Nephr/o
A
Kidney
8
Q
Noct/o
A
Night
9
Q
Olig/o
A
Scanty, few
10
Q
Prostat/o
A
Prostate
11
Q
Protein/o
A
Protein
12
Q
Py/o
A
Pus
13
Q
Pyel/o
A
Renal pelvis
14
Q
Ren/o
A
Kidney
15
Q
Ur/o
A
Urine
16
Q
Ureter/o
A
Ureter
17
Q
Urethr/o
A
Urethra
18
Q
a-, an-
A
Without, absence
19
Q
dia-
A
Complete, through
20
Q
dys-
A
Difficult, painful
21
Q
poly-
A
Many
22
Q
-ectomy
A
Surgical removal
23
Q
-graphy
A
Process of recording
24
Q
-itis
A
Inflammation
25
-lithiasis
Presence of stones
26
-lysis
Separation
27
-osis
Abnormal condition
28
-pexy
Surgical fixation
29
-rrhagia
Bleeding
30
-rrhaphy
Surgical suturing
31
-scopy
Visual examination
32
-stomy
Surgical creation of a new opening
33
-tomy
Surgical incision
34
-tripsy
To crush
35
-uria
Urination, urine
36
ablation
is the removal of a body part or the destruction of its function by surgery, hormones, drugs, heat, chemical destruction, electrocautery, or other methods.
37
anuria
is the absence of urine formation by the kidneys.
38
catheterization
is the passage of a catheter into the bladder to withdraw urine or to place therapeutic fluid into the bladder.
39
diuresis
is the increased output of urine.
40
enuresis
is the involuntary discharge of urine.
41
extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy
is the destruction of stones with the use of high-energy ultrasonic waves traveling through water or gel.
42
hemodialysis
replaces kidney function by filtering waste products directly from the patient's blood
43
hydroureter
which is the stretching out of the ureter with urine, is caused by a blockage in the ureter that does not allow the urine to flow normally.
44
intravenous pyelogram
is a diagnostic radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters, with the use of a contrast medium is administered intravenously.
45
nephrolith
is a stone located in the kidney.
46
nephrolysis
is the freeing of a kidney from adhesions.
47
nephroptosis
is the prolapse or downward displacement of a kidney.
48
nephropyosis
is the formation or discharge of pus from the kidney.
49
nocturnal enuresis
is urinary incontinence during sleep, also known as bed-wetting.
50
polycystic kidney disease
is an inherited kidney disorder, in which the kidneys enlarged because of multiple cysts
51
prostate-specific antigen
is a blood test used to screen for prostate cancer. Commonly referred to as the PSA test.
52
suprapubic catheterization
is the placement of a catheter into the bladder through a small incision made through the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone.
53
uremia
is a toxic condition caused by excessive amounts of urea and other waste products in the bloodstream.
54
ureterolith
is a stone located in the ureter.
55
urethropexy
which is the surgical fixation of the urethra, is usually performed to correct urinary stress incontinence.
56
Cortex
The outer portion of an organ
57
Digital
Using a finger
58
Extracorporeal
Occurring outside the body
59
Fistula
An abnormal passage between two internal organs, such as the bladder and vagina. Also a surgical connection created between an artery and vein for dialysis access.
60
Hypertrophy
Enlargement of an organ due to increased size of its cells
61
Meatus
A natural body opening. The urinary meatus is the opening of the urethra at the body's surface.
62
Micturition
Urination
63
Nocturnal
Referring to night
64
Orifice
Opening
65
Percutaneous
Performed through the skin
66
Peristalsis
A series of wave-like contractions
67
Voiding
Urination
68
ARF
Acute renal failure
69
AV fistula
Arteriovenous fistula
70
BPH
Benign prostatic hypertrophy
71
Cath
Catheter, catheterization
72
CKD
Chronic kidney disease
73
Cysto
Cystoscopy
74
DRE
Digital rectal exam
75
ESRD
End-stage renal disease
76
ESWL
Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy
77
GFR
Glomerular filtration rate
78
GU
Genitourinary
79
HD
Hemodialysis
80
KUB
Kidneys, ureters, bladder (X-ray)
81
PD
Peritoneal dialysis
82
RRT
Renal replacement therapy
83
UA
Urinalysis
84
UTI
Urinary tract infection
85
Kidneys
The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs located against the back muscles of the upper abdominal cavity. They filter metabolic wastes and chemicals from the blood to form urine. The area at the center of the kidney is called the renal pelvis. Urine collects in the renal pelvis and is funneled into the ureter.
86
Ureters
Ureters are a pair of tubes on the left and right sides of the body that connect the kidney to the urinary bladder. Gravity and peristalsis move urine through the ureters.
87
Urinary Bladder
The urinary bladder is a hollow organ used for the storage of urine.
88
Urethra
The urethra is a tube through which urine passes from the bladder to the outside of the body. The urethra is also an organ of the male reproductive system as it also carries sperm out of the body.
89
Stress incontinence
Stress incontinence results from an increase in intra-abdominal pressure when coughing, laughing, sneezing, lifting, or exercising. Physical changes from childbirth and menopause can cause stress incontinence.
90
Urge incontinence (also called overactive bladder)
Urge incontinence occurs immediately after an urgent need to void and the inability to quickly reach a bathroom. This is typically caused by inappropriate bladder contractions or abnormal nerve signals causing bladder spasms.
91
Overflow incontinence
Overflow incontinence is dribbling of urine from an overly full bladder. This results when the bladder does not empty properly.
92
Nephrolithiasis
Nephrolithiasis is a condition of kidney stones (also called calculi). Kidney stones result from the growth of crystal into stones. Crystals form in urine that is supersaturated with particular minerals and salts, such as calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, and uric acid.
93
Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL)
Shockwaves are focused on the stone from outside the body. This causes the stone to break into small pieces that are then excreted in the urine.
94
Ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy
This is becoming the most commonly utilized treatment for urinary calculi. A ureteroscopy is performed to either remove the intact stone with a basket device or break it into pieces using a flexible laser fiber from inside the ureter.
95
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy
In this procedure, a small endoscopic instrument is passed through the skin (percutaneously) of the back into the kidney to break up the stone and suction out the pieces. This is the best treatment choice for large stones.
96
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
Urinary tract infections usually begin in the bladder but can affect all parts of the urinary tract. Urine is usually sterile and free of bacteria, viruses, and fungi but does contain fluids, salts, and waste products. An infection can occur when bacteria cling to the opening of the urethra and begin to multiply, causing an infection. The bacterium most often associated with UTI's is E. coli, a bacterium from the digestive tract. E.coli is easily transferred from the anus through the urethra into the bladder.
97
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Chronic kidney disease (CKD, also called kidney failure, is a condition in which the kidneys lose their ability to remove waste products and excess fluid from the bloodstream. The most common causes of CKD are diabetes and high blood pressure. The main goal of treatment is to prevent progression of CKD to complete kidney failure. The best way to do this is to control the underlying cause.
98
Stage 1
Mildest form with slightly diminished kidney function.
99
Stage II
Mild kidney damage, such as protein in the urine.
100
Stage III
Kidneys are moderately damaged.
101
Stage IV
Kidneys are severely damaged.
102
Stage V
End-stage renal disease (ESRD). This is complete kidney failure that requires dialysis or a kidney transplant to sustain the life of the patient.
103
Hemodialysis
As the kidneys lose their ability to function, fluid, minerals, and waste products that are normally removed from the body in the urine begin to build up in the blood. When this happens, a person won't live very long, because the waste products that build up in the blood will eventually kill him or her. Dialysis takes over the function of the failing kidneys to remove the fluid and waste. There are two types of dialysis: hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
104
Peritoneal Dialysis
In peritoneal dialysis, dialysis fluid (called dialysate) is infused into the abdominal cavity through a catheter. The fluid is held within the abdomen for a prescribed period of time; this is called a dwell. The lining of the abdomen (the peritoneum) acts as a membrane to allow excess fluids and waste products to pass from the bloodstream into the dialysate.
105
Kidney Transplant
Kidney transplantation is the most common type of organ transplant, and is considered the treatment of choice for people with end-stage renal disease because quality of life and life expectancy are often better than in people who are treated with dialysis. However, there is a shortage of organs available for donation. Many people who are candidates for kidney transplantation are put on a transplant waiting list and require dialysis until a kidney is available.
106
Cystoscopy
A cystoscopy is a procedure used for the diagnosis and treatment of conditions that affect the urethra and urinary bladder. Cystoscopy is done with a cystoscope, an optical instrument with an additional port for the insertion of instruments. Water or saline is infused through the cystoscope into the bladder. As the fluid fills the bladder, the bladder wall is stretched so the urologist can see clearly. The cystoscope can be used for biopsies, stone removal, and the removal of polyps and some tumors.
