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Medical Terminology > Lesson 7 > Flashcards

Lesson 7 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Bacteri/o

A

Bacteria

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2
Q

Cyst/o

A

Urinary bladder

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3
Q

Glycos/o

A

Sugar, glucose

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4
Q

Hem/o, Hemat/o

A

Hem/o, Hemat/o

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5
Q

Hydr/o

A

Relating to water

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6
Q

Lith/o

A

Stone, calculus

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7
Q

Nephr/o

A

Kidney

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8
Q

Noct/o

A

Night

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9
Q

Olig/o

A

Scanty, few

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10
Q

Prostat/o

A

Prostate

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11
Q

Protein/o

A

Protein

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12
Q

Py/o

A

Pus

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13
Q

Pyel/o

A

Renal pelvis

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14
Q

Ren/o

A

Kidney

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15
Q

Ur/o

A

Urine

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16
Q

Ureter/o

A

Ureter

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17
Q

Urethr/o

A

Urethra

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18
Q

a-, an-

A

Without, absence

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19
Q

dia-

A

Complete, through

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20
Q

dys-

A

Difficult, painful

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21
Q

poly-

A

Many

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22
Q

-ectomy

A

Surgical removal

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23
Q

-graphy

A

Process of recording

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24
Q

-itis

A

Inflammation

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25
Q

-lithiasis

A

Presence of stones

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26
Q

-lysis

A

Separation

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27
Q

-osis

A

Abnormal condition

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28
Q

-pexy

A

Surgical fixation

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29
Q

-rrhagia

A

Bleeding

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30
Q

-rrhaphy

A

Surgical suturing

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31
Q

-scopy

A

Visual examination

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32
Q

-stomy

A

Surgical creation of a new opening

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33
Q

-tomy

A

Surgical incision

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34
Q

-tripsy

A

To crush

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35
Q

-uria

A

Urination, urine

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36
Q

ablation

A

is the removal of a body part or the destruction of its function by surgery, hormones, drugs, heat, chemical destruction, electrocautery, or other methods.

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37
Q

anuria

A

is the absence of urine formation by the kidneys.

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38
Q

catheterization

A

is the passage of a catheter into the bladder to withdraw urine or to place therapeutic fluid into the bladder.

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39
Q

diuresis

A

is the increased output of urine.

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40
Q

enuresis

A

is the involuntary discharge of urine.

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41
Q

extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy

A

is the destruction of stones with the use of high-energy ultrasonic waves traveling through water or gel.

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42
Q

hemodialysis

A

replaces kidney function by filtering waste products directly from the patient’s blood

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43
Q

hydroureter

A

which is the stretching out of the ureter with urine, is caused by a blockage in the ureter that does not allow the urine to flow normally.

44
Q

intravenous pyelogram

A

is a diagnostic radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters, with the use of a contrast medium is administered intravenously.

45
Q

nephrolith

A

is a stone located in the kidney.

46
Q

nephrolysis

A

is the freeing of a kidney from adhesions.

47
Q

nephroptosis

A

is the prolapse or downward displacement of a kidney.

48
Q

nephropyosis

A

is the formation or discharge of pus from the kidney.

49
Q

nocturnal enuresis

A

is urinary incontinence during sleep, also known as bed-wetting.

50
Q

polycystic kidney disease

A

is an inherited kidney disorder, in which the kidneys enlarged because of multiple cysts

51
Q

prostate-specific antigen

A

is a blood test used to screen for prostate cancer. Commonly referred to as the PSA test.

52
Q

suprapubic catheterization

A

is the placement of a catheter into the bladder through a small incision made through the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone.

53
Q

uremia

A

is a toxic condition caused by excessive amounts of urea and other waste products in the bloodstream.

54
Q

ureterolith

A

is a stone located in the ureter.

55
Q

urethropexy

A

which is the surgical fixation of the urethra, is usually performed to correct urinary stress incontinence.

56
Q

Cortex

A

The outer portion of an organ

57
Q

Digital

A

Using a finger

58
Q

Extracorporeal

A

Occurring outside the body

59
Q

Fistula

A

An abnormal passage between two internal organs, such as the bladder and vagina. Also a surgical connection created between an artery and vein for dialysis access.

60
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Enlargement of an organ due to increased size of its cells

61
Q

Meatus

A

A natural body opening. The urinary meatus is the opening of the urethra at the body’s surface.

62
Q

Micturition

A

Urination

63
Q

Nocturnal

A

Referring to night

64
Q

Orifice

A

Opening

65
Q

Percutaneous

A

Performed through the skin

66
Q

Peristalsis

A

A series of wave-like contractions

67
Q

Voiding

A

Urination

68
Q

ARF

A

Acute renal failure

69
Q

AV fistula

A

Arteriovenous fistula

70
Q

BPH

A

Benign prostatic hypertrophy

71
Q

Cath

A

Catheter, catheterization

72
Q

CKD

A

Chronic kidney disease

73
Q

Cysto

A

Cystoscopy

74
Q

DRE

A

Digital rectal exam

75
Q

ESRD

A

End-stage renal disease

76
Q

ESWL

A

Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy

77
Q

GFR

A

Glomerular filtration rate

78
Q

GU

A

Genitourinary

79
Q

HD

A

Hemodialysis

80
Q

KUB

A

Kidneys, ureters, bladder (X-ray)

81
Q

PD

A

Peritoneal dialysis

82
Q

RRT

A

Renal replacement therapy

83
Q

UA

A

Urinalysis

84
Q

UTI

A

Urinary tract infection

85
Q

Kidneys

A

The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs located against the back muscles of the upper abdominal cavity. They filter metabolic wastes and chemicals from the blood to form urine. The area at the center of the kidney is called the renal pelvis. Urine collects in the renal pelvis and is funneled into the ureter.

86
Q

Ureters

A

Ureters are a pair of tubes on the left and right sides of the body that connect the kidney to the urinary bladder. Gravity and peristalsis move urine through the ureters.

87
Q

Urinary Bladder

A

The urinary bladder is a hollow organ used for the storage of urine.

88
Q

Urethra

A

The urethra is a tube through which urine passes from the bladder to the outside of the body. The urethra is also an organ of the male reproductive system as it also carries sperm out of the body.

89
Q

Stress incontinence

A

Stress incontinence results from an increase in intra-abdominal pressure when coughing, laughing, sneezing, lifting, or exercising. Physical changes from childbirth and menopause can cause stress incontinence.

90
Q

Urge incontinence (also called overactive bladder)

A

Urge incontinence occurs immediately after an urgent need to void and the inability to quickly reach a bathroom. This is typically caused by inappropriate bladder contractions or abnormal nerve signals causing bladder spasms.

91
Q

Overflow incontinence

A

Overflow incontinence is dribbling of urine from an overly full bladder. This results when the bladder does not empty properly.

92
Q

Nephrolithiasis

A

Nephrolithiasis is a condition of kidney stones (also called calculi). Kidney stones result from the growth of crystal into stones. Crystals form in urine that is supersaturated with particular minerals and salts, such as calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, and uric acid.

93
Q

Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL)

A

Shockwaves are focused on the stone from outside the body. This causes the stone to break into small pieces that are then excreted in the urine.

94
Q

Ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy

A

This is becoming the most commonly utilized treatment for urinary calculi. A ureteroscopy is performed to either remove the intact stone with a basket device or break it into pieces using a flexible laser fiber from inside the ureter.

95
Q

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy

A

In this procedure, a small endoscopic instrument is passed through the skin (percutaneously) of the back into the kidney to break up the stone and suction out the pieces. This is the best treatment choice for large stones.

96
Q

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

A

Urinary tract infections usually begin in the bladder but can affect all parts of the urinary tract. Urine is usually sterile and free of bacteria, viruses, and fungi but does contain fluids, salts, and waste products. An infection can occur when bacteria cling to the opening of the urethra and begin to multiply, causing an infection. The bacterium most often associated with UTI’s is E. coli, a bacterium from the digestive tract. E.coli is easily transferred from the anus through the urethra into the bladder.

97
Q

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

A

Chronic kidney disease (CKD, also called kidney failure, is a condition in which the kidneys lose their ability to remove waste products and excess fluid from the bloodstream. The most common causes of CKD are diabetes and high blood pressure. The main goal of treatment is to prevent progression of CKD to complete kidney failure. The best way to do this is to control the underlying cause.

98
Q

Stage 1

A

Mildest form with slightly diminished kidney function.

99
Q

Stage II

A

Mild kidney damage, such as protein in the urine.

100
Q

Stage III

A

Kidneys are moderately damaged.

101
Q

Stage IV

A

Kidneys are severely damaged.

102
Q

Stage V

A

End-stage renal disease (ESRD). This is complete kidney failure that requires dialysis or a kidney transplant to sustain the life of the patient.

103
Q

Hemodialysis

A

As the kidneys lose their ability to function, fluid, minerals, and waste products that are normally removed from the body in the urine begin to build up in the blood. When this happens, a person won’t live very long, because the waste products that build up in the blood will eventually kill him or her. Dialysis takes over the function of the failing kidneys to remove the fluid and waste. There are two types of dialysis: hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.

104
Q

Peritoneal Dialysis

A

In peritoneal dialysis, dialysis fluid (called dialysate) is infused into the abdominal cavity through a catheter. The fluid is held within the abdomen for a prescribed period of time; this is called a dwell. The lining of the abdomen (the peritoneum) acts as a membrane to allow excess fluids and waste products to pass from the bloodstream into the dialysate.

105
Q

Kidney Transplant

A

Kidney transplantation is the most common type of organ transplant, and is considered the treatment of choice for people with end-stage renal disease because quality of life and life expectancy are often better than in people who are treated with dialysis. However, there is a shortage of organs available for donation. Many people who are candidates for kidney transplantation are put on a transplant waiting list and require dialysis until a kidney is available.

106
Q

Cystoscopy

A

A cystoscopy is a procedure used for the diagnosis and treatment of conditions that affect the urethra and urinary bladder. Cystoscopy is done with a cystoscope, an optical instrument with an additional port for the insertion of instruments. Water or saline is infused through the cystoscope into the bladder. As the fluid fills the bladder, the bladder wall is stretched so the urologist can see clearly. The cystoscope can be used for biopsies, stone removal, and the removal of polyps and some tumors.

Medical Terminology (19 decks)

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