LESSON 8: School Age Development Flashcards
short periods of time when a child expresses quick physical growth in height and weight
growth spurt
factors of physical development
- height
- weight
- appearance
- visuals
- hearing
- abilities
children grow an average of ____ inches a year until th age of 11
2 - 3 inches
average height of girls
4 ft 10 inches
average height of boys
4 ft 9 inche
children gain about ____ pounds or _____ kg a year
- 5 to 7 pounds
- 2 to 3 kg
changes in the brain include advances in functioning in the ______
prefrontal cortex
process in which areas of the brain that are not being used lose synaptic connections and areas that are used show increased connections
synaptic pruning
children’s motor skill become much ____ and more ____ then they were in early childhood
- smoother
- coordinated
motor skills in which boys outperform girls
motor skills
motor skills in which girls outperform boy
fine motor skills
reflected in the improvement of fine motor skills during middle and late adulthood
increased myelination
milestones should be considered as a ____ and not a _____
- guide
- checklist
physical skills elementary school children can master
- running
- climbing
- skipping rope
- swimming
- bicycle riding
- skating
social cognitive process involved in assuming the perspective of others and understanding their thoughts and feelings
perspective taskingg
global evaluations of the self
self-esteem
self-esteem is also called as
self-worth
domain-specific evaluations of the self
self-concept
belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes
self-efficacy
managing one’s behavior, emotions, and thoughts
self-regulation
parents spend less time with their _____ children
less time
parents have important roles as _____ of children’s opportunities, as ___ of their behavior, and as _____ and ______
- manager
- monitor
- supporting
- stimulating academic achievement
more likely to function in these parental management roles
mothers
linked to lower level of internalized symptoms, anxiety, and depression in children during middle and late childhood
secure attachment
age bracket of industry vs inferiority
6 - 12 years old
age bracket of industry vs inferiority
6 - 12 years old
peer / sociometric status
- popular children
- average children
- neglected children
- rejected children
- controversial children
have serious adjustment problems, and some have aggression
rejected children
rejected children are _____ nominated as someone’s best friend and are actively disliked by their peers
infrequently
frequently nominated both as someone’s best friend and as being disliked by peers
controversial children
usually nominated as best friend, rarely disliked by peers, have many social skills contributing to their being well-liked
popular children
receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from their peers
average children
infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers
neglected children
verbal or physical behavior intended to disturb someone less powerful
bullying
most likely to be affected by bullying
- boys
- younger middle school students
aim to gain higher status in the peer group and to witness their power displays
bullies
said to have more loneliness and difficulty making friends,
victims
likely to have low grades and drink alcohol and smoke
bullies
often victims of bullying
- anxious
- socially withdrawn
- aggressive
likely to be depressed and suicidal in adolescence
victims
children who are friends tend to be ____ to each other
similar
concluded that friends can be cognitive and emotional resources from childhood to old age
willard hartup
friends can foster ____ and ____-
- self-esteem
- well-being
occurs when children have friends who are socially skilled and supportive
developmental advantage
6 functions friendship can serve
- companionship
- stimulation
- physical support
- ego support
- social comparison
- affection and intimacy
stages of friendship
- acquaintances
- peer / casual friends
- close friends
- intimate friends
levels of friendship according to robert selman
- friendship: one-way assistance
- friendship: two-way, fair weather cooperation
- friendship: intimate, mutually shared relationship
- friendship: mature friendship
by 10 years of age, most children are able to use _____ strategies to cope with stress
cognitve
children in families that have not been supportive and are characterized by trauma may be ____ by stress that they do not use such strategies
overwhelmed
mental actions that are reversible
operations
operations that are applied to real, concrete objects
concrete operational
allow the child to consider several characteristics rather than focusing on a single property
concrete operations
centration is present in young children’s _________
lack of concentration
centering of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others
centration
ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension
seriation
ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions
transitivity
during middle and late childhood, changes occur in the way children’s ____is organized
mental vocabulary
cognitive skills elementary school children can master
- reading and writing skills
- planning and building
- telling time and counting money
- memorizing
- perspective-taking
- understanding object conservation
time in life when a boy or girl becomes sexually mature
puberty period
age of early puberty in girls
8
early puberty in boys
9
late puberty in girls
13
late puberty in boys
14
causes of early puberty
- obesity
- family genetics
rarely, each puberty is caused by ______
hormonal imbalances
children who start puberty early might be
- teased
- feel conscious
- have a poorer body image
- be more likely to start exploring sexuality earlier
- seem tall for their age early on, but then stop growing before their peers
- be treated by grown ups
each puberty is much more common in ____
girls
late puberty is most commonly caused by ______
family genetics
increasing children’s self-esteem
- identify the causes of lo self-esteem
- provide emotional support and social approval
- help children achieve
- help children cope
characterized by considerable variations in growth, patterns. hormones, nutrition, and environment slow, consistent growth
physical development
