LESSON 2: History of Developmental Psychology Flashcards
developmental psychology arose after the emergence of _____ psychology (later part of 19th century)
scientific
- primarily concerned with child and adolescent development
- began as correlational science
- focused on observation
early years
miniature adult; contained in the semen and egg at conception
preformationism
quantitatively different from the adult
homunculus
quantitatively different from the adult
homunculus
preformationism and homunculus
pre-scientific antecedents
philosophers that became the bases of developmental psychology
- John Locke
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau
father of Modern Learning Theory
John Locke
father of Classical Developmental Psychology
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
father of American Developmental Psychology
G. Stanley Hall
father of Modern Intelligence Theory
Alfred Binet
father of Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
father of Behaviorism
John Watson
for John Locke, a child was a _____
tabula rasa
natural unfolding of the child based on the innate blueprint
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
3 people who created baby biographies
- Dietrich Tiedmann
- Wilhelm Preyer
- Milicent Shinn
3 people who created baby biographies
- Dietrich Tiedemann
- Wilhelm Preyer
- Milicent Shinn
created the first baby biography
Dietrich Tiedemann
The Mind of the Child (Die Seele des Kindes)
Wilhelm Preyer
Biography of a Baby
Milicent Shinn
contribution of Charles Darwin:
- the origin of species
- individual differences and adaptation
he helped establish the field of developmental psychology in the areas of language development and language pathology
Wilhelm Preyer
study of behavior, thought, and feeling as viewed through the lens of evolutionary biology
Evolutionary Psychology
founder (?) of evolutionary psychology
Konrad Lorenz & Niko Tinbergen
contribution of John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth
loss and attachment
“as people develop, they repeat behaviors of their evolutionary ancestors”
recapitulation theory
contributed the recapitulation theory
G. Stanley Hall
______ were the basis for early learning
early imitative movements
early imitative movements were linked to Piaget’s _____ and Vygotsky’s _____
- Cognitive Development
- Zone of Proximal Development
G. Stanley Hall’s movement is called ______
Child Study Movement
scientific understanding of the child
child study movement
child study movement helped to bring about the passage of laws governing _______ and compulsory education
child labor
4 pioneer developmentalists
- James Mark Baldwin
- John Dewey
- Alfred Binet
- Maria Montessori
focused on education (learning by doing) and wrote on developmental issues
John Dewey
conducted research on cognitive functioning, including memory and intellectual development
Alfred Binet
proposed a stage theory of development which initially focused on cognitive development
James Mark Baldwin
she wrote extensively on Child Development
Maria Montessori
people who approached dev psych in a psychoanalytic way
- Sigmund Freud
- Anna Freud
- Carl Jung
- Erik Erikson
- Karen Horney
- Melanie Klein
created the field of psychoanalysis
Anna Freud
“ego psychologists” and followers of Freud
- Ana Freud
- Erik Erikson
_____ psychologists are more concerned with the conscious, rational part of the person
ego
Eight stages of man (infancy to old age)
Erik Erikson
put emphasis on life-span, growth, and self-actualization
Karen Horney
- theoretical innovator in adult development and aging
- classification of personality types
Carl Jung
“places less emphasis on biological-based drives and more importance on consistent patterns of interpersonal relationships”
object relations theory
who proposed the object relations theory and was a rival of Ana Freud
Melanie Klein
she thought that child psychoanalysis could be helpful for all children as an aid in the modulation of their anxieties
Melanie Klein
who felt that psychoanalysis is only appropriate when a child had developed infantile neurosis
Anna Freud
until the 1940s, much of dev psych was ______ and ______
- descriptive
- normative
collected data on the physical and motor development of infants and children
Arnold Gesell
Arnold Gesell encouraged parents to ____ and to trust more in ____
- relax
- nature
In Rousseau’s tradition, ______ of the child was more important than any interference on the part of parents or educators
natural unfolding
believed that many aspects of human nature, including intelligence, could be measured scientifically
Francis Galton
Galton attempted to measure intelligence through _______ tests
reaction time
tried a new approach and published scales (Binet-Simon Scale)
Alfred Binet
brought a version of Binet’s scale to the United States
Henry H. Coddard
developed the Stanford-Binet Scale and initiated the first longitudinal study of development
Lewis M. Terman
“ability of children to perform beyond their current level”
zone of proximal development
emphasized the role of parent and teacher in cognitive development, and the function of speech, as an aid to the child’s development
Lev Vygotsky
attempted to show how a child’s emotional development could be understood in terms of learning in “Little Albert” experiment
John Watson
acc to John Watson, ______ is the central issue for study
learning
conducted a study of a three-year old boy to demonstrate how undesirable fears could be eliminated (direct conditioning and social imitation)
Mary Cover Jones
Behavior Modification field was began by
Mary Cover Jones
replaced Watson as the leader of child-care movement
Benjamin Spock
“behavior is the result of the individual and the environment”
Field Theory
Field Theory is contributed by _______
Kurt Lewin
“no learning is occurred unless a drive produced tension and impelled the organism into activity to procure a reward”
Drive-reduction theory of learning
contribution of Clark Hull
Drive-reduction theory of learning
applied learning principle to an understanding of the socialization of children
Robert Sears
strict behaviorist who stressed the role of operant learning
B.F. Skinner
______ learning employs rewards and punishments for behavior
operant
“observation and modeling play a primary role in how and why people learn”
social learning theory
social learning theory is contributed by ______
Albert Bandura
Albert Bandura focused more on _____ learning than Skinner
social
Bandura emphasized the importance of _____
modeling
people in Lifespan Psychology
- Johann Tetens
- Friedrich Carus
- Adolphe Quetelet
- Francis Galton
- Robert Havighurstand
- Bernice Neugarten
first to collect data on physical and psychological variable across the life span
Adolphe Quetelet
wrote that aging was not simply about loss and decline, but was an occasion for growth and perfectibility
Friedrich Carus
published “Philosophical Essays on Human Nature and its Development”
Johann Tetens
active researchers on development in the middle and later years
- Robert Havighurstand
- Bernice Neugarten
established an anthropometric laboratory in London (1884)
Francis Galton
founded after world war 1 through the efforts of an Iowa housewife, Cora Bussey Hillis
The Iowa Child Welfare Research Station
argued that if useful research could be conducted in order to understand animals, equally effective research should be directed to an understanding of the child
Cora Bussey Hillis
first of many child development research centers to be established in the US
The Iowa Child Welfare Research Station
includes divisions devoted to developmental psychology:
- Adult Development and Aging
- Child, Youth and Family Services
American Psychological Association (APA)
organizational home for many American developmental psychologists
The American Psychological Society
prominent developmental organization which began in 1933, with its own journal
Society for Research in Child Development
generally considered to be either a natural biological stage of development or a modern idea or invention
childhood
eight stages of lifespan according to Erik Erikson
- Prenatal Stage
- Early Childhood
- Middle and Late Childhood
- Adolescence
- Emerging and Early Adulthood
- Middle Adulthood
- Late Adulthood
- Death and Dying
period in prenatal stage (weeks 1-2)
germinal period
period in prenatal stage (weeks 3-8)
embryonic period
period in prenatal stage (weeks 9-40)
fetal period
period in which heart begins to beat and organs form and begin to function; spinal cord and brain develops
embryonic period
period in which the embryo is called a fetus
fetal period
period in which the sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote; genetic makeup and sex of the baby are set
germinal stage
- continued rapid growth
- language and cognitive development
- more control over their emotions
- parents play a vital role
early childhood
- gain greater control over the movement of their bodies
- greater reasoning and flexibility of thought
middle and late childhood
- begins with puberty and ends with the transition to adulthood
- improvement in complex and abstract thought
- identity formation occurs
adolescence
- peak physical capabilities and the emergence of more mature cognitive development, financial independence, and intimate relationships
emerging and early adulthood
- reflects both developmental gains and losses and that there are considerable individual differences
middle adulthood
relatively healthy, productive, active and continue to live independently
young-old (65-85)
both age groups - risk of diseases
oldest-old (85 and older)
- last stage of life
- happens more commonly at the later stages of life but can occur at any point in the life cycle
Death and Dying
length of a time a species can exist under the most optimal conditions
lifespan
other term for lifespan
longetivity
______ psychologists are more concerned with the conscious, rational part of the person
ego psychologists
a construct describing the ability of children to perform beyond their current level
zone of proximal development
