LESSON 5.3: Development through the first year Flashcards
involves the body’s physical makeup, including the brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses and the need for food, drink, and sleep
development
4 major principles of development
- cephalocaudal principle
- proximodistal principle
- principle of hierarchical integration
- principle of the independence of systems
states that development proceeds from the center of the body outward
proximodistal principle
states that simple skills typically develop separately and independently, but that these simple skills are integrated into more complex ones
principle of hierarchical integration
suggests that different body systems grow at different rates
principle of independent system
suggests that different body systems grow at different rates
principle of independent systems
states that growth follows a direction and pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds to the rest of the body
cephalocaudal principle
height of 95% of full-term babies
18-22 inches
weight of 95% of full-term babies
5-10 lbs
in the first month, they grow rapidly at ____ to ____ ounces per week
5 to 6
in 4 months, their birth weight is _____
doubled
in a year, birth weight is nearly _____
tripled
infants grow ____ inch per month and approximately ____ their height in a year
- 1 inch
- double
infants grow ____ inch per month and approximately ____ their height in a year
- 1 inch
- double
body proportions of infants:
- head in the womb
- heat at birth
- heat by age 25
- 50%
- 25%
- 20%
number of neurons in the brain
85 billion
function of neurons
store and transmit information
branching extensions that collect information from other neurons will undergo exuberance
dendrites
formation of connections between neurons, continues from the prenatal period forming thousands of new connections during infancy and toddlerhood
synaptogenesis
where neural connections are reduced thereby making those that are used much stronger
synaptic pruning
coating of fatty tissues around the axon of the neuron that helps insulate the nerve cell and speed the rate of transmission of impulses from one cell to another
myelin
weight of brain at birth
250 g
weight of brain by 1 year
750 g
thin outer covering of the brain involved in voluntary activity and thinking where most of the neural activity occurs
cortex
cortex is divided into ___ hemisphere, and each hemisphere has ____ lobes
- 2
- 4
each lobe is separated by folds known as _____
fissures
develops earlier than primary sensory areas and prefrontal cortex
primary motor areas
located behind the forehead
prefrontal cortex
as the _____ matures, the child is increasingly able to:
- regulate or control emotions
- plan activities
- strategize
- have better judgement
prefrontal cortex
process in which different functions become localized primarily on one side of the brain
lateralization
logical thinkers are _____
left-brained
creative thinkers are ______
right-brained
brain’s ability to change, both physically and chemically, to enhance its adaptability to environmental change and compensate for injury
neuroplasticity
happens when the baby is shaken by someone and results can lead to severe medical problems, long-term physical disabilities such as blindness
shaken baby syndrome
sleep problems affect ___ to ___ percent of infants
15 to 25
most common sleep problem
nighttime waking
causes of sleep problems
parental factors
half of infant’s sleep is ____
rem sleep
physical milestone at ____ weeks old:
babies are able to hold up their heads
6
physical milestone at ____ months old:
- able to sit alone
7
dynamic process that is linked with sensory information in the skin, joints, and muscles, which tell us where we are in space
posture
development of posture at ____:
- head erect
- can lift their heads while prone
few weeks and soon
development of posture at _____:
- pull themselves up and hold on to a chair
8 to 9 months
development of posture at _____:
- cannot sit independently
6 to 7 months
development of posture at ______:
- sit while supported on a lap or an infant seat
2 months
development of posture at ______:
- can often stand alone
10 to 12 months
2 types of grasp
- palmar grasp
- pincer grip
grasping with the whole hand using the fingers and palm but no thumbs
palmar grasp
grasping small objects using a forefinger or another finger and thumb
pincer grip
at ____ months, infants rely greatly only to touch to determine how they will grip an object
4
at _____ months, infants are more likely to use a vision as a guide
8
process of copying the behavior of another person, group, or object, intentionally or unintentionally
imitation
imitation is a ____ that accounts for many human skills, gestures, interests, attitudes, role behaviors, social customs, and verbal expressions
basic form of learning
imitation according to ____ is a means by which young children profit from information that has been learned by previous generations
meltzoff & williamson
copying of an act from a model
imitation
3 conditions in imitation:
- the perception of an act causes the observer’s response
- the observer produces behavior similar to that of the model
- the equivalence between the acts of self and other plays a role in generating the response
goal of the observer in imitation
to match the target behavior
three classical explanations of how infants first come to match the acts of others and solve the binding problem
- operant conditioning
- associative learning
- piagetian theory
who proposed that imitation is simply a special case of operant conditioning where the stimulus and response happen to match because of reinforcement or reward
skinner
ability to reproduce the behavior of an absent model
deferred imitation
close emotional bond between two people
attachment
removal of children from the caregivers to whom they are attached
separation
John Bowlby’s conceptualization of attachment has _____ phases
4
infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures
phase 1 (birth - 2 months)
children become aware of others’ feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take these into account in forming their own actions
phase 4 (24 months)
specific attachments develop; with increased locomotor skills, babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers, such as the mother or father
phase 3 (7 - 24 months)
attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver, as the baby gradually learns to distinguish familiar from unfamiliar people
phase 2 (2 - 7 months)
bowlby argued that infants develop a _____
internal working model of attachment
a simple mental model of the caregiver, their relationship, and the self as deserving of nurturant care
internal working model of attachment
internal working models is comprised of:
- self model
- other model
model containing expectations regarding the essential goodness, trustworthiness and dependability of important others in one’s world
other model
model containing perceptions of one’s own worth and lovability
self model
two essential things needed for a healthy and secured attachment
- the caregiver must be responsive to the child’s physical, social, and emotional needs
- the caregiver and child must engage in mutually enjoyable interactions
who continued studying the development of attachment in infants?
mary ainsworth
laboratory test that measured an infant’s attachment to their parents
the strange situation
4 attachment styles:
- secure attachment
- insecure avoidant attachment
- insecure resistant attachment
- insecure disorganized / disoriented attachment
the child may cry during the separation but avoid the mother when she returns
insecure disorganized attachment
the child may run away from or ignore the mother when she approaches
insecure avoidant attachment
the child may be upset when the caregiver departs but is also happy to see the caregiver return
secure attachment
the child is extremely distressed when the caregiver leaves but resistant when the caregiver returns
insecure resistant attachment
most insecure style of attachment
insecure disorganized / disoriented attachment
caregivers of _____ babies are sensitive to the baby’s signals and are constantly available to respond to their needs
securely attached
caregivers of _____ babies tend to be unavailable or rejecting
avoidant
caregivers of ____ babies often neglect or physically abuse them
disorganized
caregivers of ____ babies tend to be inconsistent; sometimes they respond to the baby’s needs and sometimes they don’t
resistant
effects of separation
- separation protest
- stranger anxiety
- social deprivation
- reactive attachment disorder
diagnosis for an infant who does not grow, develop, or gain weight on schedule and there is no known medical explanation for this failure
non-organic failure to thrive
an infant’s distressed crying when the caregiver leaves
separation protest
those children experiencing neglectful situations and also displaying markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate attachment behavior, such as being inhibited and withdrawn, minimal social and emotional responsiveness to others, and limited positive affect may be diagnosed by _______
reactive attachment disorder
an infant’s fear and wariness of strangers
stranger anxiety
parental presence that gives the child a sense of safety as the child explores the surroundings
secure base
internal mental representations, developed in early close relationships between the self, attachment figures and the environment
internal working models
emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation
social referencing “reading”
an observational measure of infant attachment that requires the infant to move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in prescribed order
strange situation
babies who show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver
insecure avoidant babies
babies who often cling to the caregiver, then resist the caregiver by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away
insecure resistant babies
babies who use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment
securely attached babies
babies who show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented
insecure disorganized babies
