LESSON 5.3: Development through the first year Flashcards
involves the body’s physical makeup, including the brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses and the need for food, drink, and sleep
development
4 major principles of development
- cephalocaudal principle
- proximodistal principle
- principle of hierarchical integration
- principle of the independence of systems
states that development proceeds from the center of the body outward
proximodistal principle
states that simple skills typically develop separately and independently, but that these simple skills are integrated into more complex ones
principle of hierarchical integration
suggests that different body systems grow at different rates
principle of independent system
suggests that different body systems grow at different rates
principle of independent systems
states that growth follows a direction and pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds to the rest of the body
cephalocaudal principle
height of 95% of full-term babies
18-22 inches
weight of 95% of full-term babies
5-10 lbs
in the first month, they grow rapidly at ____ to ____ ounces per week
5 to 6
in 4 months, their birth weight is _____
doubled
in a year, birth weight is nearly _____
tripled
infants grow ____ inch per month and approximately ____ their height in a year
- 1 inch
- double
infants grow ____ inch per month and approximately ____ their height in a year
- 1 inch
- double
body proportions of infants:
- head in the womb
- heat at birth
- heat by age 25
- 50%
- 25%
- 20%
number of neurons in the brain
85 billion
function of neurons
store and transmit information
branching extensions that collect information from other neurons will undergo exuberance
dendrites
formation of connections between neurons, continues from the prenatal period forming thousands of new connections during infancy and toddlerhood
synaptogenesis
where neural connections are reduced thereby making those that are used much stronger
synaptic pruning
coating of fatty tissues around the axon of the neuron that helps insulate the nerve cell and speed the rate of transmission of impulses from one cell to another
myelin
weight of brain at birth
250 g
weight of brain by 1 year
750 g
thin outer covering of the brain involved in voluntary activity and thinking where most of the neural activity occurs
cortex
cortex is divided into ___ hemisphere, and each hemisphere has ____ lobes
- 2
- 4
each lobe is separated by folds known as _____
fissures
develops earlier than primary sensory areas and prefrontal cortex
primary motor areas
located behind the forehead
prefrontal cortex
as the _____ matures, the child is increasingly able to:
- regulate or control emotions
- plan activities
- strategize
- have better judgement
prefrontal cortex
process in which different functions become localized primarily on one side of the brain
lateralization
logical thinkers are _____
left-brained
creative thinkers are ______
right-brained
brain’s ability to change, both physically and chemically, to enhance its adaptability to environmental change and compensate for injury
neuroplasticity
happens when the baby is shaken by someone and results can lead to severe medical problems, long-term physical disabilities such as blindness
shaken baby syndrome
sleep problems affect ___ to ___ percent of infants
15 to 25
most common sleep problem
nighttime waking
causes of sleep problems
parental factors
half of infant’s sleep is ____
rem sleep
physical milestone at ____ weeks old:
babies are able to hold up their heads
6
