LESSON 6: Development in toddler Flashcards
1
Q
toddler age
A
1-3 years old
2
Q
a toddler as defined by the Merriam-Webster dictionary is a child who is just learning to ___ or one who ____
A
- walk
- toddles
3
Q
CDC stands for
A
centers for disease control
4
Q
physical changes of age groups ____:
- growth and development slows
- reduced appetite
A
2-4 years old
5
Q
physical changes of age groups ____:
- 3 inches increase in height each year
- 4-5 pounds increase in weight each year
- will have all of 20 of their primary teeth
A
2-6 years old
6
Q
physical changes of age groups ____:
- large head and stomach
- short arms and legs
A
3 years old
7
Q
age in which toddlers will have all 20 of their primary teeth
A
2-6 years old
8
Q
physical development at _____ months:
- walk alone
- run
- pull toy while walking
- help undress self
- drink from cup and eat with spoon
- use one hand more than the other
A
18 months
9
Q
physical development at _____ years old:
- climb onto and down a furniture without support
- throw ball overhead
- stand in tiptoes
- kick a ball
A
2 years old
10
Q
_____% of brain growth happens before kindergarten
A
90%
11
Q
at _____, a quarter size (25%) of the average adult brain is developed
A
at birth
12
Q
50% of the average adult brain
A
1 year old
13
Q
about 80% of the adult size brain
A
3 years old
14
Q
90% to nearly full grown adult size brain
A
5 years old (kindergarten)
15
Q
growth in the ____ hemisphere in which:
increases inactivity which correlates with the burst in language skills
A
left hemisphere
16
Q
activity in the _____ hemisphere grows steadily
A
right
17
Q
_____ hemisphere is involved in tasks that require spatial skills
A
right
18
Q
connects the two hemispheres of the brain
A
corpus callosum
19
Q
the corpus callosum undergoes a growth spurt between ages ____ to ____ which results in improved coordination between right and left hemispheres
A
3 to 6
20
Q
_____ development involves physical growth and strengthening of a child’s bones, muscles, and ability to move and touch their surroundings
A
motor development
21
Q
typical motor skill development follows a predictable sequence that starts from the ___, including the ___, ____, ______, and _____, then moves to the _____ such as ____, ____, and _____
A
- inner body (head, neck, arms, and legs)
- outer body (hands, feet, fingers, and toes)
22
Q
voluntary movements involving the use of large muscle groups
A
gross motor skills
23
Q
at _____ years old:
- children enjoy simple movement (hopping, jumping, running back and forth)
A
4 years old
24
Q
at _____ years old:
- children are still enjoying the same kind of activities, but they have become more adventurous
- scramble over low jungle gyms as they display their athletic prowess
A
4 years old
25
at _____ years old:
- it is not unusual to perform hair-raising stunts on practically any climbing object
- children are even more adventurous then they were 4
5 years old
26
at ____, can walk steadily and stop safely
18 months to 2 years old
27
can jump from a low step
3 years old
28
good sense of balance and may be able to walk along a line
4 years old
29
can walk backwards and sideways
3 years old
30
has good spatial awareness
3 years old
31
squat to pick up or move a toy
18 months to 2 years old
32
can catch, kick, throw, and bounce a ball
4 years old
33
bend at waist to pick up objects
4 years old
34
can run up and down stairs
4 years old
35
begin to kick a large ball
18 to 2 years old
36
more exact movements of the hands and fingers and include the ability to reach and grasp an object
fine motor skills
37
at ____ years old, children have had the ability to pick up the tiniest objects between their thumb and forefinger for some time, they are still somewhat clumsy at it
3 years old
38
at _____ years old, children's fine motor coordination has improved substantially and become much more precise
4 years old
39
at _____ years old:
- children's fine motor coordination has improved further
- hand, arm, and body all moved together under better command of the eye
5 years old
40
point to known objects
18 months to 2 years old
41
can wash and dry hands
3 years old
42
can build a tower of 10 or more cubes
4 years old
43
may use and hold a pen in adult fashion
4 years old
44
can copy simple letters
4 years old
45
can turn pages of a book
18 months to 2 years old
46
can hold a pencil in their whole hand or between the thumb and first 2 fingers (primitive tripod grasp)
18 months to 2 years old
47
can eat using a fork and spoon
3 years old
48
process by which children learn to use language
language developmen
49
make sounds with changes in tone
10-15 months old
50
known as the one-word period before children start to combine words
single-word utterances
51
refers to the one-word expression that children use around age 1
holophrastic speech
52
begin to play and explore the patterns of intonation, stress, pitch and tone which characterize more adult speech
10-15 months old
53
common nouns used to denote real objects
referential words
54
errors in language development
- underextension
- overextension
- overlap
- mismatch
55
when a child uses a word to refer to only a sub-group of the category of objects to which that word applies
underextension
56
occurs when there are no correct associations between a word and its category of referents
mismatch
57
can be thought of as a cross between underextension and overextension
overlap
58
occurs when a child uses a word to refer to the whole category of objects to which it refers
overextension
59
point in language development where the rate of acquisition of new words is thought to accelerate rapidly
vocabulary spurt
60
uses gesture and tones to convey meaning with just two words
combining two words
61
speech consisting of phrases of a small number of words combined to make sense, but without complex grammatical forms
telegraphic speech
62
at _____ years old:
- children utter or combine three or more words
- demonstrate a knowledge of morphology rules
- begin using the plural and possessive forms of nouns
- identify objects and body parts
- follow simple instructions
- can speak about 200 words
2 years old
63
at ____ years old:
- follows instructions with 2 to 3 steps
- understand words like in, on, and under
- speaks clearly
- produce all the vowel sounds and most of the consonant sounds
3 years old
64
at ____ months old:
- single-word utterances
- holophrastic speech
- referential words
- errors
10-15 months
65
at _____ months old:
- vocabulary spurt
- combining two words
- telegraphic speech
18 months
66
smallest unit of sound that makes a meaningful difference in a language
phoneme
67
string of one or more phonemes that makes up the smallest units of meaning in a language
morpheme
68
set of rules used to obtain meaning from morphemes
semantics
69
set of rules of a language by which we construct sentences
syntax
70
how we communicate effectively and appropriately with others
pragmatics
71
branch of linguistics that studies how languages or dialects systematically organize their sounds
phonology
72
study of the forms of words
morphology
73
how humans acquire, organize, and learn to use knowledge
cognitive development
74
piaget's stage of cognitive development observed in toddlers
stage 2: preoperational stage
75
2 years olds often engage in ______ play
symbolic
76
in preoperational stage, _____ is used instead of logic
intuition
77
a young child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present
symbolic function substage
78
symbolic function substage occurs roughly between the ages of _____
2 and 4
79
in symbolic function substage, the toddler begins to use ____ and engage in _____
- language
- pretend play
80
2 limitations of preoperational though:
- egocentrism
- animism
81
inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective
egocentrism
82
belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action
animism
83
refers to the awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others
theory of mind
84
from ____ to ____, children begin to understand three mental states
18 months to 3 years
85
3 mental states:
- perception
- emotion
- desires
86
the child can distinguish between positive and negative emotions
emotion
87
toddlers recognize that if people want something, they will try to get it
desires
88
by _____ years of age, a child recognizes that another person will see what's in front of her own eyes instead of what's in front of the child's eyes
2
89
by _____ years of age, the child realizes that looking leads to knowing what's inside a container
3
90
based on false-belief understanding which is the understanding that an individual's belief or representation about the world may contrast with reality
false belief task
91
between ages _____, children come to understand that the mind can represent objects and events accurately or inaccurately
3 to 5
92
at _____, children realize that people can have false beliefs
5 years old
93
recognizing _____ is often described as a pivotal one in understanding the mind
false beliefs
94
children younger than ____ do not understand that it is possible tp have a false belief
4 years old
95
how do children "pass" in the sally and anne false-belief task
if they understand that sally looks in her basket first before realizing the toy isn't there
96
children's ability to interact with others and regulate their own behavior
social development
97
age group _____:
- begin to socialize in parallel activities
- extend relationship to other people
- defend territory
- show an awareness of other people's feelings
24 months
98
at _____ months:
- seek out others
- show more independence
- might show attachment to one friend
- use their imagination
- show interest in being part of a group
- share toys and take turns
- follow simple rules in games
36 months
99
indicators of possible dysfunctional social dev't:
- shows no interest in playing with other children
- unable to share or take turns with other children
- wants to be dependent on caregivers for everything
- extremely rigid about routines and becomes upset when things change
- has extreme difficulty separating from parents or caregivers
100
4 parenting styles
- authoritative
- authoritarian
- permissive
- uninvolved
101
indulgent parenting style
permissive parenting style
102
traditional model of parenting
authoritarian parenting style
103
neglectful parenting style
uninvolved parenting style
104
best parenting style
authoritative parenting style
105
authoritative parenting style is described as ______ or ______
- tough but fair
- firm but nurturing
106
extensive _____ is allowed in authoritative parenting style
verbal give-and-take
107
- do not interact much with their children at all
- do not make demands on their children
uninvolved
108
- restrictive and punitive style
- dictatorial and overbearing
authoritarian
109
involves holding expectations of children that are below what could be reasonably expected from them
permissive
110
parenting style associated with children's social competence
authoritative parenting style
111
parenting style associated with children's incompetence, especially lack of self-control
uninvolved and permissive parenting style
112
parenting style associated with children's social incompetence
authoritarian parenting style
113
effects of ______ parenting style:
- gain self-assurance
- handle responsibility
- figure out how to overcome difficulties
- become confident in their own judgement
authoritative parenting style
114
effects of ______ parenting style:
- fail to learn self-discipline
- may feel somewhat insecure
- develop poor emotional control
- become overly rebellious when things doesn't get their way
- give up when faced with challenges
permissive
115
effects of ______ parenting style:
- struggle to form close relationships
- have failed relationships
- cut themselves off from others
uninvolved
116
effects of ______ parenting style:
- developing a "follower" mentality
- difficulty discerning right from wrong on their own
- low self-esteem and seeking confirmation of their worth from outside authority figures
authoritarian
117
it tells children what not to do rather than what to do
punishment
118
effects of ______:
- children may imitate this aggressive, out-of-control behavior
- can instill fear, rage, or avoidance
- may cause the child to avoid being around the parent and to fear the parent
punishment
119
support that divorced or separated parents provide one another in jointly raising a child
co-parenting
120
refers to both abuse and neglect in infants and children
child maltreatment
121
types of child maltreatment:
- physical abuse
- child neglect
- sexual abuse
- emotional abuse
122
characterized by failure to provide for the child's basic needs
child neglect
123
child neglect can be:
- physical
- educational
- emotional
124
includes acts or omissions by parents or other caregivers that have caused, or could cause, serious behavioral, cognitive, or emotional problems
emotional abuse
125
characterized by the infliction of physical injury as a result of punching, beating, kicking, burning, shaking, or otherwise harming a child
physical abuse
126
includes fondling a child's genitals, intercourse, incest, rape, sodomy, exhibitionism, and commercial exploitation through prostitution or the production of pornographic materials
sexual abuse
127
most common form of child maltreatment
child neglect
128
a toddler's understanding between what is right and wrong
values
129
whose job is to teach the child about the values that they will use to guide their own lives
family
130
toddler's interaction between the members of the family that will teach them to trust, build friendships and relationships, and find comfort with others
socialization
131
engaging the toddler to do physical activities will help in polishing the toddler's ______
motor skills
132
a toddler's ability to have sympathy and compassion towards others
emotional skills
133
key qualities that ensure the child's security
- dependability
- consistency
- repectfulness
- responsiveness
134
toddlers learn how to be their true selves and fully express themselves at home
emotional security
135
degree to which children are liked by their peers and included in the participation in the peer group
peer acceptance
136
peer acceptance is affected by _____ and _____
- home relationship
- family's level of moral support
137
degree to which children are disliked by their peers and excluded from the participation in the peer group
peer rejection
138
in peer rejection, there is absence of ______
prosocial behavior
139
pleasurable activity in which children engage for its own sake, and its functions and forms vary
play
140
play improves the _____, _____, ______, and ______ of toddlers
- physical
- cognitive
- social
- emotional
141
it is vital to explore the world
play
142
play's function include
- affiliation with peers
- tension release
- advances in cognitive development
- exploration
- provision of a safe haven
143
types of play
- sensorimotor play
- practice play
- pretense / symbolic play
- social play
- constructive play
144
involves social interaction with peers and increases in preschool years
social play
145
primary confined to infancy and involves practice play
sensorimotor play
146
child transforms the physical environment into a symbol
pretense / symbolic play
147
combine sensorimotor and repetitive activity with symbolic representation of ideas
constructive play
148
involves the repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports
practice play
149
constructive play occurs when children engage in ____ or ____ of a product of a solution
- self-regulated creation
- construction
150
type of mass media that affects children's behavior, and it is the most influential
television
151
effects of television
- children may become more aggressive and anxious
- can teach children that it is better to behave in positive, prosocial ways than in negative, antisocial ways
