LESSON 6: Development in toddler Flashcards
toddler age
1-3 years old
a toddler as defined by the Merriam-Webster dictionary is a child who is just learning to ___ or one who ____
- walk
- toddles
CDC stands for
centers for disease control
physical changes of age groups ____:
- growth and development slows
- reduced appetite
2-4 years old
physical changes of age groups ____:
- 3 inches increase in height each year
- 4-5 pounds increase in weight each year
- will have all of 20 of their primary teeth
2-6 years old
physical changes of age groups ____:
- large head and stomach
- short arms and legs
3 years old
age in which toddlers will have all 20 of their primary teeth
2-6 years old
physical development at _____ months:
- walk alone
- run
- pull toy while walking
- help undress self
- drink from cup and eat with spoon
- use one hand more than the other
18 months
physical development at _____ years old:
- climb onto and down a furniture without support
- throw ball overhead
- stand in tiptoes
- kick a ball
2 years old
_____% of brain growth happens before kindergarten
90%
at _____, a quarter size (25%) of the average adult brain is developed
at birth
50% of the average adult brain
1 year old
about 80% of the adult size brain
3 years old
90% to nearly full grown adult size brain
5 years old (kindergarten)
growth in the ____ hemisphere in which:
increases inactivity which correlates with the burst in language skills
left hemisphere
activity in the _____ hemisphere grows steadily
right
_____ hemisphere is involved in tasks that require spatial skills
right
connects the two hemispheres of the brain
corpus callosum
the corpus callosum undergoes a growth spurt between ages ____ to ____ which results in improved coordination between right and left hemispheres
3 to 6
_____ development involves physical growth and strengthening of a child’s bones, muscles, and ability to move and touch their surroundings
motor development
typical motor skill development follows a predictable sequence that starts from the ___, including the ___, ____, ______, and _____, then moves to the _____ such as ____, ____, and _____
- inner body (head, neck, arms, and legs)
- outer body (hands, feet, fingers, and toes)
voluntary movements involving the use of large muscle groups
gross motor skills
at _____ years old:
- children enjoy simple movement (hopping, jumping, running back and forth)
4 years old
at _____ years old:
- children are still enjoying the same kind of activities, but they have become more adventurous
- scramble over low jungle gyms as they display their athletic prowess
4 years old
at _____ years old:
- it is not unusual to perform hair-raising stunts on practically any climbing object
- children are even more adventurous then they were 4
5 years old
at ____, can walk steadily and stop safely
18 months to 2 years old
can jump from a low step
3 years old
good sense of balance and may be able to walk along a line
4 years old
can walk backwards and sideways
3 years old
has good spatial awareness
3 years old
squat to pick up or move a toy
18 months to 2 years old
can catch, kick, throw, and bounce a ball
4 years old
bend at waist to pick up objects
4 years old
can run up and down stairs
4 years old
begin to kick a large ball
18 to 2 years old
more exact movements of the hands and fingers and include the ability to reach and grasp an object
fine motor skills
at ____ years old, children have had the ability to pick up the tiniest objects between their thumb and forefinger for some time, they are still somewhat clumsy at it
3 years old
at _____ years old, children’s fine motor coordination has improved substantially and become much more precise
4 years old
at _____ years old:
- children’s fine motor coordination has improved further
- hand, arm, and body all moved together under better command of the eye
5 years old
point to known objects
18 months to 2 years old
can wash and dry hands
3 years old
can build a tower of 10 or more cubes
4 years old
may use and hold a pen in adult fashion
4 years old
can copy simple letters
4 years old
can turn pages of a book
18 months to 2 years old
can hold a pencil in their whole hand or between the thumb and first 2 fingers (primitive tripod grasp)
18 months to 2 years old
can eat using a fork and spoon
3 years old
process by which children learn to use language
language developmen
make sounds with changes in tone
10-15 months old
known as the one-word period before children start to combine words
single-word utterances
refers to the one-word expression that children use around age 1
holophrastic speech
begin to play and explore the patterns of intonation, stress, pitch and tone which characterize more adult speech
10-15 months old
common nouns used to denote real objects
referential words
errors in language development
- underextension
- overextension
- overlap
- mismatch
when a child uses a word to refer to only a sub-group of the category of objects to which that word applies
underextension
occurs when there are no correct associations between a word and its category of referents
mismatch
can be thought of as a cross between underextension and overextension
overlap
occurs when a child uses a word to refer to the whole category of objects to which it refers
overextension
point in language development where the rate of acquisition of new words is thought to accelerate rapidly
vocabulary spurt
uses gesture and tones to convey meaning with just two words
combining two words
speech consisting of phrases of a small number of words combined to make sense, but without complex grammatical forms
telegraphic speech
at _____ years old:
- children utter or combine three or more words
- demonstrate a knowledge of morphology rules
- begin using the plural and possessive forms of nouns
- identify objects and body parts
- follow simple instructions
- can speak about 200 words
2 years old
at ____ years old:
- follows instructions with 2 to 3 steps
- understand words like in, on, and under
- speaks clearly
- produce all the vowel sounds and most of the consonant sounds
3 years old
at ____ months old:
- single-word utterances
- holophrastic speech
- referential words
- errors
10-15 months
at _____ months old:
- vocabulary spurt
- combining two words
- telegraphic speech
18 months
smallest unit of sound that makes a meaningful difference in a language
phoneme
string of one or more phonemes that makes up the smallest units of meaning in a language
morpheme
set of rules used to obtain meaning from morphemes
semantics
set of rules of a language by which we construct sentences
syntax
how we communicate effectively and appropriately with others
pragmatics
branch of linguistics that studies how languages or dialects systematically organize their sounds
phonology
study of the forms of words
morphology
how humans acquire, organize, and learn to use knowledge
cognitive development
piaget’s stage of cognitive development observed in toddlers
stage 2: preoperational stage
2 years olds often engage in ______ play
symbolic
in preoperational stage, _____ is used instead of logic
intuition
a young child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present
symbolic function substage
symbolic function substage occurs roughly between the ages of _____
2 and 4
in symbolic function substage, the toddler begins to use ____ and engage in _____
- language
- pretend play
2 limitations of preoperational though:
- egocentrism
- animism
inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and someone else’s perspective
egocentrism
belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action
animism
refers to the awareness of one’s own mental processes and the mental processes of others
theory of mind
from ____ to ____, children begin to understand three mental states
18 months to 3 years
3 mental states:
- perception
- emotion
- desires
the child can distinguish between positive and negative emotions
emotion
toddlers recognize that if people want something, they will try to get it
desires
by _____ years of age, a child recognizes that another person will see what’s in front of her own eyes instead of what’s in front of the child’s eyes
2
by _____ years of age, the child realizes that looking leads to knowing what’s inside a container
3
based on false-belief understanding which is the understanding that an individual’s belief or representation about the world may contrast with reality
false belief task
between ages _____, children come to understand that the mind can represent objects and events accurately or inaccurately
3 to 5
at _____, children realize that people can have false beliefs
5 years old
recognizing _____ is often described as a pivotal one in understanding the mind
false beliefs
children younger than ____ do not understand that it is possible tp have a false belief
4 years old
how do children “pass” in the sally and anne false-belief task
if they understand that sally looks in her basket first before realizing the toy isn’t there
children’s ability to interact with others and regulate their own behavior
social development
age group _____:
- begin to socialize in parallel activities
- extend relationship to other people
- defend territory
- show an awareness of other people’s feelings
24 months
at _____ months:
- seek out others
- show more independence
- might show attachment to one friend
- use their imagination
- show interest in being part of a group
- share toys and take turns
- follow simple rules in games
36 months
indicators of possible dysfunctional social dev’t:
- shows no interest in playing with other children
- unable to share or take turns with other children
- wants to be dependent on caregivers for everything
- extremely rigid about routines and becomes upset when things change
- has extreme difficulty separating from parents or caregivers
4 parenting styles
- authoritative
- authoritarian
- permissive
- uninvolved
indulgent parenting style
permissive parenting style
traditional model of parenting
authoritarian parenting style
neglectful parenting style
uninvolved parenting style
best parenting style
authoritative parenting style
authoritative parenting style is described as ______ or ______
- tough but fair
- firm but nurturing
extensive _____ is allowed in authoritative parenting style
verbal give-and-take
- do not interact much with their children at all
- do not make demands on their children
uninvolved
- restrictive and punitive style
- dictatorial and overbearing
authoritarian
involves holding expectations of children that are below what could be reasonably expected from them
permissive
parenting style associated with children’s social competence
authoritative parenting style
parenting style associated with children’s incompetence, especially lack of self-control
uninvolved and permissive parenting style
parenting style associated with children’s social incompetence
authoritarian parenting style
effects of ______ parenting style:
- gain self-assurance
- handle responsibility
- figure out how to overcome difficulties
- become confident in their own judgement
authoritative parenting style
effects of ______ parenting style:
- fail to learn self-discipline
- may feel somewhat insecure
- develop poor emotional control
- become overly rebellious when things doesn’t get their way
- give up when faced with challenges
permissive
effects of ______ parenting style:
- struggle to form close relationships
- have failed relationships
- cut themselves off from others
uninvolved
effects of ______ parenting style:
- developing a “follower” mentality
- difficulty discerning right from wrong on their own
- low self-esteem and seeking confirmation of their worth from outside authority figures
authoritarian
it tells children what not to do rather than what to do
punishment
effects of ______:
- children may imitate this aggressive, out-of-control behavior
- can instill fear, rage, or avoidance
- may cause the child to avoid being around the parent and to fear the parent
punishment
support that divorced or separated parents provide one another in jointly raising a child
co-parenting
refers to both abuse and neglect in infants and children
child maltreatment
types of child maltreatment:
- physical abuse
- child neglect
- sexual abuse
- emotional abuse
characterized by failure to provide for the child’s basic needs
child neglect
child neglect can be:
- physical
- educational
- emotional
includes acts or omissions by parents or other caregivers that have caused, or could cause, serious behavioral, cognitive, or emotional problems
emotional abuse
characterized by the infliction of physical injury as a result of punching, beating, kicking, burning, shaking, or otherwise harming a child
physical abuse
includes fondling a child’s genitals, intercourse, incest, rape, sodomy, exhibitionism, and commercial exploitation through prostitution or the production of pornographic materials
sexual abuse
most common form of child maltreatment
child neglect
a toddler’s understanding between what is right and wrong
values
whose job is to teach the child about the values that they will use to guide their own lives
family
toddler’s interaction between the members of the family that will teach them to trust, build friendships and relationships, and find comfort with others
socialization
engaging the toddler to do physical activities will help in polishing the toddler’s ______
motor skills
a toddler’s ability to have sympathy and compassion towards others
emotional skills
key qualities that ensure the child’s security
- dependability
- consistency
- repectfulness
- responsiveness
toddlers learn how to be their true selves and fully express themselves at home
emotional security
degree to which children are liked by their peers and included in the participation in the peer group
peer acceptance
peer acceptance is affected by _____ and _____
- home relationship
- family’s level of moral support
degree to which children are disliked by their peers and excluded from the participation in the peer group
peer rejection
in peer rejection, there is absence of ______
prosocial behavior
pleasurable activity in which children engage for its own sake, and its functions and forms vary
play
play improves the _____, _____, ______, and ______ of toddlers
- physical
- cognitive
- social
- emotional
it is vital to explore the world
play
play’s function include
- affiliation with peers
- tension release
- advances in cognitive development
- exploration
- provision of a safe haven
types of play
- sensorimotor play
- practice play
- pretense / symbolic play
- social play
- constructive play
involves social interaction with peers and increases in preschool years
social play
primary confined to infancy and involves practice play
sensorimotor play
child transforms the physical environment into a symbol
pretense / symbolic play
combine sensorimotor and repetitive activity with symbolic representation of ideas
constructive play
involves the repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports
practice play
constructive play occurs when children engage in ____ or ____ of a product of a solution
- self-regulated creation
- construction
type of mass media that affects children’s behavior, and it is the most influential
television
effects of television
- children may become more aggressive and anxious
- can teach children that it is better to behave in positive, prosocial ways than in negative, antisocial ways
