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PSYC 203 > LESSON 5.1: Conception and Prenatal Development > Flashcards

LESSON 5.1: Conception and Prenatal Development Flashcards

1
Q

beginning of development marked by the union of the sperm cell with the egg cell

A

conception

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2
Q

developmental period within the womb between conception and birth

A

prenatal development

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3
Q

prenatal development can be divided into _______ periods

A

3

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4
Q

3 periods of prenatal development

A
  • germinal period
  • embryonic period
  • fetal period
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5
Q

includes the creation of the zygote, continued cell division, and the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall

A

germinal period

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6
Q

rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for the cells form, and organs appear

A

embryonic period

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7
Q

growth and development continue during this time

A

fetal period

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8
Q

3 layers of cells

A
  • endoderm
  • mesoderm
  • ectoderm
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9
Q

inner layer of cells; primarily develops internal body parts

A

endoderm

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10
Q

outermost layer, which will become the nervous system and the brain, sensory receptors

A

ectoderm

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11
Q

middle layer; develops parts that surrounds internal areas

A

mesoderm

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12
Q

life support systems for the embryo forms _____

A

rapidly

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13
Q

life support systems for the embryo:

A
  • amnion
  • umbilical cord
  • placenta
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14
Q

process of organ formation during the first two months of prenatal development

A

organogenesis

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15
Q

inheritance of genes

A

heredity

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16
Q

heredity is the transmission of ______ from parents to offspring

A

genetic traits

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17
Q

state of having different and observable traits or characteristics within a population

A

variation

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18
Q

variation arises due to ____ and _____

A
  • mutation
  • genetic recombination
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19
Q

sudden change in the gene sequence, produces new alleles and introducing genetic variability

A

mutation

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20
Q

exchange or random mixing of genetic chromosomes with different gene combinations producing new rearrangements

A

genetic recombination

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21
Q

“Father of genetics”

A

Gregor Johann Mendel

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22
Q

Mendel proposed the principles of inheritance through a ____ experiment

A

pea plant breeding

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23
Q

main experiments of mendel

A
  • monohybrid cross
  • dihybrid cross
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24
Q

examines inheritance of two traits or characteristics at once

A

dihybrid cross

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25
Q

examines inheritance of a single trait

A

monohybrid cross

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26
Q

3 principles of inheritance

A
  • principle of segregation
  • principle of independent assortment
  • principle of dominance
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27
Q

random genetic inheritance from both parents allows genetic differentiation in offspring

A

principle of independent assortment

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28
Q

each gamete formed carries only one allele, which causes the offspring to acquire one factor from each parent

A

principle of segregation

29
Q

the presence of a dominant allele will always mask the presence of a recessive allele

A

principle of dominance

30
Q

can be produced not only by an abnormal number of chromosomes but also by harmful genes

A

abnormalities

31
Q

produced by a harmful gene

A

gene-linked abnormalities

32
Q

occur when the individual inherits too many or too few chromosomes

A

chromosomal abnormality

33
Q

5 chromosomal abnormalities

A
  • down syndrome
  • turner syndrome (XO)
  • klinefelter’s syndrome (XXY)
  • fragile X syndrome
  • XYY syndrome
34
Q

8 gene-linked abnormalities

A
  • cystic fibrosis
  • diabetes
  • hemophilia
  • huntington’s disease
  • phenylketonuria
  • sickle cell anemia
  • spina bifida
  • tay sachs disease
35
Q

males have an extra X chromosome that causes physical abnormalities

A

klinefelter syndrome (XXY)

36
Q

abnormality in the X chromosome that can cause intellectual disability, learning disabilities, or short attention span

A

fragile X syndrome

37
Q

caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21 that causes mild to severe intellectual disability and physical abnormalities

A

down syndrome

38
Q

an extra chromosome Y in males that can cause above-average height

A

XYY syndrome

39
Q

a missing X chromosome in females can cause intellectual disability and sexual underdevelopment

A

turner syndrome (XO)

40
Q

glandular dysfunction that interferes with mucus production

A

cystic fibrosis

41
Q

delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding

A

hemophilia

42
Q

blood disorder that limits the body’s oxygen supply which can cause joint swelling, heart failure, and kidney failure

A

sickle-cell anemia

43
Q

______ and ________ are hampered in cystic fibrosis, resulting in a shortened life span

A
  • breathing
  • digestion
44
Q

central nervous system deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration

A

huntington’s disease

45
Q

metabolic disorder that causes intellectual disability and hyperactivity when left untreated

A

phenylketonuria

46
Q

deceleration of mental and physical development caused by an accumulation of lipids in the nervous system

A

tay sachs disease

47
Q

neural tube disorder that causes brain and spine abnormalities

A

spina bifida

48
Q

environmental hazard to prenatal development

A

teratogen

49
Q

considerations in determining the type and amount of damage from exposure to a particular teratogen

A
  • timing of the exposure
  • amount of exposure
  • number of teratogens
  • genetics
  • being male or female
50
Q

factors influencing prenatal risks

A
  • alcohol
  • tobacco
  • illicit drugs
  • pollutants / environmental hazards
51
Q

children of substance abusing parents

A

illicit drugs

52
Q

when the baby underwent drug withdrawal after birth

A

neonatal abstinence syndrome

53
Q

cause of neonatal abstinence syndrome

A

the baby’s mother used an addictive drug during pregnancy, hence the baby got addicted to the drug before birth

54
Q

leading preventable cause of intellectual disabilities in children

A

alcohol

55
Q

alcohol is one of the most commonly used ____

A

teratogen

56
Q

dangerous chemicals that the fetus is exposed to when a pregnant woman smokes

A
  • nicotine
  • carbon monoxide
  • tar
57
Q

pollutants / environmental hazards:

A
  • lead
  • radiation
  • toxoplasmosis
58
Q

effects of ____:

  • fertility problems
  • prematurity
  • miscarriage
A

lead

59
Q

effects of _____ to born babies:

  • eye infections
  • enlarged liver and spleen
  • jaundice
  • pneumonia
A

toxoplasmosis

60
Q

effects of ____:

  • slow down the baby’s growth
  • cause birth defects
  • affect brain development
  • cancer
  • miscarriage
A

radiation

61
Q

maternal factors:

A
  • maternal diseases
  • maternal age
  • emotional states and stress
62
Q

maternal age that affects pregnancy

A
  • mothers over 35 years old
  • teenage pregnancy
63
Q

paternal factors:

A
  • paternal age
  • men’s exposure to pollutants
  • paternal smoking
  • relationship with the mother
64
Q

can help keep the mother and the baby healthy

A

prenatal care

65
Q

prenatal care:

A
  • schedule a visit to the doctors
  • get regular prenatal care and don’t miss an appointment
  • follow and adopt healthy habits
66
Q

prenatal assessment:

A
  • ultrasound
  • amniocentesis
  • chorionic villus sampling
67
Q

procedure in which a needle is used to withdraw a small amount of amniotic fluid and cells from the sac surrounding the fetus and later tested

A

amniocentesis

68
Q

procedure in which a small sample of cells is taken from the placenta and tested

A

chorionic villus sampling

69
Q

test in which sound waves are used to examine the fetus

A

ultrasound

PSYC 203 (11 decks)

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