LESSON 7: Preschool Development

Question 1

starts after infancy and before the child starts formal schooling

Answer 1

preschool

Question 2

age range of preschooling

Answer 2

3-5 years old

Question 3

children that underwent preschooling are acquiring the fundamental ______, _____, and ____ they will need when they start formal schooling

Answer 3

• information
• independence
• life skills

Question 4

where the child explores the environment and gains control over it

Answer 4

age of exploration

Question 5

period preceding the child’s entry into school

Answer 5

preschool age

Question 6

the time when the child is learning the foundations of social behavior

Answer 6

pre-gang age

Question 7

2 stages of pre-operational period

Answer 7

• symbolic function substage
• intuitive thought substage

Question 8

dependence on perception in problem solving

Answer 8

symbolic function substage

Question 9

marked by greater dependence on intuitive thinking rather than just perception

Answer 9

intuitive thought substage

Question 10

form of symbolic play where children use objects, actions or ideas to represent other objects, actions, or ideas using their imaginations to assign roles to inanimate objects or people

Answer 10

pretend play

Question 11

pretend play is also known as

Answer 11

make believe

Question 12

awareness of the child that altering a substance’s appearance does not change its basic properties

Answer 12

conservation errors

Question 13

being able to conserve means knowing that a quantity _____ it it’s been altered

Answer 13

doesn’t change

Question 14

characteristic of preoperative thought

Answer 14

• centration
• conservation

Question 15

act of focusing all attention on one characteristic or dimension of a situation while disregarding all others

Answer 15

centration

Question 16

error in which preoperational children find it difficult to understand that an object can be classified in more than one way

Answer 16

classification errors

Question 17

reasoning of preoperational children

Answer 17

transductive

Question 18

making faulty inferences with one another

Answer 18

transductive reasoning

Question 19

view that human development as a socially mediated process in which children acquire cultural values, beliefs, and problem-solving strategies through collaborative dialogues with more knowledgeable members of society

Answer 19

vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of cognitive development

Question 20

difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can achieve with guidance and encouragement from a skilled partner

Answer 20

zone of proximal development

Question 21

refers to those skills that a learner is “close” to mastering

Answer 21

proximal

Question 22

tool for growth in which learners complete small, manageable steps in order to reach the goal

Answer 22

scaffolding

Question 23

use of speech aside from communicating socially

Answer 23

to solve tasks

Question 24

indicative of early cognitive processing and allows us to hear how children think about their own behavior and select courses of action

Answer 24

private speech

Question 25

increases in frequency during the preschool period, and becomes less common as it is gradually replaced with more covert forms of self-talk

Answer 25

overt private speech

Question 26

covert forms of self-talk

Answer 26

- whispers - inaudible muttering - silent inner speech

Question 27

fundamental difference between Piaget and Vygostky's theories

Answer 27

piaget believed in the constructivist approach of children or how the child interacts with the environment vygotsky stated that learning is taught through socially and culturally

Question 28

more crucial time period in memory development

Answer 28

early childhood

Question 29

these memory increases during early childhood

Answer 29

short-term memory

Question 30

these memories typically fade after a certain age or stage of brain development

Answer 30

long-term memory

Question 31

ability to regulate our responses, particularly in conflict situations

Answer 31

executive attention

Question 32

ability to maintain attentional focus on relevant stimuli with repeated presentation over extended periods

Answer 32

sustained attention

Question 33

improves the cognitive, physical, social, and emotional well-being of children and young people

Answer 33

play

Question 34

through play, children learn about the ______ and _____

Answer 34

- world - themselves

Question 35

stages of play was theorized by _____

Answer 35

parten

Question 36

6 stages of play

Answer 36

- unoccupied play - solitary play - onlooker play - parallel play - associative play - cooperative play

Question 37

the child is interested both in the people playing and in the activity

Answer 37

cooperative play

Question 38

the child is interested in playing with others and interacts with others during play, but the activity is not organized or coordinated

Answer 38

associative play

Question 39

the child plays separately but close to others often mimicking their actions

Answer 39

parallel play

Question 40

the child plays alone, focused on their own activity, unaware and uninterested in what others are doing

Answer 40

solitary play

Question 41

the child watches others at play but does not engage in it

Answer 41

onlooker play

Question 42

the child is not playing, just observing

Answer 42

unoccupied play

Question 43

begins to be formed very early, and continues being created day by day

Answer 43

child's self-esteem

Question 44

comes from learning to accept who we are by seeing the insufficiencies and still choosing to like ourselves

Answer 44

self-esteem

Question 45

involves learning what feelings and emotions are, understanding how and why they occur, recognizing your own feelings and those of others, and developing effective ways for managing those feelings

Answer 45

emotional development

Question 46

children's ability to label and talk about their own emotions or feelings, as well as the feelings and emotions of others

Answer 46

emotional literacy

Question 47

why is emotional literacy an essential component of social-emotional development?

Answer 47

because it helps children understand their own emotional experiences, and at the same time, helps them to acknowledge and understand the emotional experiences of others

Question 48

provides the foundation for how we feel about ourselves and how we experience others

Answer 48

social-emotional development

Question 49

ability to accurately recognize one's emotions, thoughts, and their influence on behavior

Answer 49

self-awareness

Question 50

ability to regulate one's emotions, thoughts and behaviors effectively in different situations

Answer 50

self-management

Question 51

ability to take the perspective of and empathize with others from diverse backgrounds and cultures, to understand social and ethical norms for behavior, and to recognize family, school and community resources and supports

Answer 51

social awareness

Question 52

ability to establish and maintain healthy and rewarding relationships with diverse individual and groups

Answer 52

relationship skills

Question 53

focuses on the emergence, change, and understanding of morality from infancy through adulthood

Answer 53

moral development

Question 54

_____ found that children's ideas regarding rules, moral judgements and punishment tended to change as they got older

Answer 54

piaget

Question 55

2 major stages of moral judgement

Answer 55

- heteronomy morality or moral realism - autonomy morality or moral relativism

Question 56

children recognize there is no absolute right or wrong and that morality depends on intentions not consequences

Answer 56

autonomy morality or moral relativism

Question 57

children regard morality as obeying other people's rules and laws, which cannot be changed

Answer 57

heteronomy morality or moral realism

Question 58

age range of heteronomy morality or moral realism

Answer 58

up to 7 years old

Question 59

age range of autonomy morality or moral relativism

Answer 59

9-10 years old

Question 60

children obey parents or adults in authority for the sole reason of avoiding punishment

Answer 60

stage 1: obedience and punishment orientation

Question 61

begin to believe that the concept of rightness can be subjective and viewed from an individuals' viewpoint

Answer 61

stage 2: instrumentalism

Question 62

basis of freud's concept of moral development

Answer 62

his theory of id, ego, and superego

Question 63

focus of skinner's concept of moral development

Answer 63

the power of external forces (reinforcement contingencies) to shape an individual's development