LESSON 4: Theoretical Perspectives Flashcards
emphasized the role of the conscious mind and the importance of self-awareness
neo-freudian perspective
best known for his theory of psychosocial development
erik erikson
_____ theory states that individuals go through 8 stages of development, each with unique crisis that must be resolved to move forward
eight stages of psychosocial development
erikson’s perspective emphasized the role of _____ and _____ factors in shaping personality as he believed that personal identity is formed through experiences and relationships with others
- social
- cultural
8 stages of psychosocial development
- trust vs mistrust
- autonomy vs shame and doubt
- initiative vs guilt
- industry vs inferiority
- identity vs role confusion
- intimacy vs isolation
- generativity vs stagnation
- ego integrity vs despair
middle adulthood stage
generativity vs stagnation
preschool stage
initiative vs guilt
adolescence stage
identity vs role confusion
infancy stage
trust vs mistrust
late adulthood stage
ego integrity vs despair
toddler stage
autonomy vs shame and doubt
school age stage
industry vs inferiority
young/early adulthood stage
intimacy vs isolation
personal characteristics of the first stage
hope
personal characteristic of the 5th stage
fidelity
personal characteristic of the 8th stage
wisdom
personal characteristic of the 3rd stage
purpose
personal characteristic of the 6th stage
love
personal characteristic of the 2nd stage
will
personal characteristic of the 7th stage
care
personal characteristic of the 4th stage
competence
best known for forming Individual Psychology
alfred adler
adler was one of the first to break away from _____
Freud’s psychoanalytic approach
______ with family members, peers, and adults help to determine the role of inferiority and superiority in life
early interaction
had a significant and predictable impact on a child’s personality, and their feeling of inferiority
birth order
“All behavior is ______”
goal-directed
natural and healthy reaction to inferiority
compensation
developed when a person is unable to compensate for normal feelings of inferiority
inferiority complex
overarching goal of Adlerian psychotherapy:
help the patient overcome feelings of inferiority
based on holistic understanding of human behavior
individual psychology
personality theories
- inferiority & superiority complex
- style of life
- family constellation
natural-born psychological state of all people and begins in infancy and continues throughout everyone’s life
inferiority complex
people with inferiority complex believe that _______
they are not as good as others
inferiority complex is the _______ behind a person’s behaviors, thoughts, feelings, and actions
innermost motivator
types of inferiority
- primary inferiority
- secondary inferiority
inferiority feeling in adult that results of the child developing an exaggerated feeling of inferiority
secondary inferiority
original and normal feeling of inferiority by an infant
primary inferiority
primary inferiority is _____ while secondary inferiority is ____
- productive
- harmful
why is primary inferiority productive?
it provides motivation for the child to develop
inferior feeling in the adult that results when the child develops an exaggerated feeling of inferiority
superiority complex
each person develops a unique pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving based on their subjective experiences of the world
style of life
style of life is shaped by _____ and the individual’s attempt to ____ perceived inadequacies and ______
- early childhood experiences
- overcome
- strive for superiority
child position in the family, along with the perception of that position, can influence personality development and self-worth
family constellation
family constellation is a structure to describe each member’s ____ within the family system
niche
family constellation consists of:
- oldest child
- middle child
- youngest child
- only child
- perfectionist
- act like mini-adults
- wanting to excel at everything they do
- leader-overachiever
- posses intense fear of failure
- hesitant to step out of their comfort zone
- quick to take charge
- bossy
oldest child
- fun-loving
- uncomplicated
- manipulative
- outgoing
- attention-seeking
- self-centered
youngest child
- matured for their age
- perfectionists
- conscientious
- diligent
- leaders
only child
- people pleasers
- somewhat rebellious
- thrives on friendships
- has a large social circle
- peacemaker
middle child
mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses
cognition
unobservable cognitive processes:
- problem solving
- remembering
- imagining
- creating
- fantasizing
- using symbols
study of the origins of knowledge
genetic epistemology
known for his epistemological studies with children
jean piaget
genetic epistemology consist of piaget’s:
- theory of cognitive development
- epistemological view
comprehensive theory about the nature and development of human intelligence
cognitive development theory
other term for cognitive development theory
developmental stage theory
cognitive development suggests that
intelligence changes as children grow
children (humans) have the ability to adjust to the demands of the immediate environment through _____
understanding
“reality is a dynamic system of continuous change”
nature of intelligence
series of states and transformations:
- transformation
- states
all manners of changes that a thing or person can experience
transformation
conditions or the appearances in which things or persons can be found between transformations
states
human intelligence is ______
adaptive
2 types of intelligence
- operative intelligence
- figurative intelligence
active aspect of intelligence
operative intelligence
more or less static aspect of intelligence
figurative intelligence
operative intelligence involves _____, ____ or ___ in order to follow, recover, or anticipate the transformation of the objects or persons of interest
- all actions
- overt
- covert
notion that reality is a construction based on the information from our environment and in our heads
constructivism
cognitive structures that represent a certain aspect of the world, and can be seen as categories which have certain pre-conceived ideas in them
schema
schema is an ____ representation of the world
internal
each person constructs the same understanding of the world
true or false
false - different understanding
reversible mental actions
operations
_____ combine to form quantitatively different stages of cognitive development
operation
_____ combine to form quantitatively different stages of cognitive development
operations
process whereby children combine existing schemes or ways of understanding, into new and more complex intellectual structures
organization
ability to adjust to the demands of the environment
adaptation
process of transforming new information so that it fits within existing ways of thinking
assimilation
process of taking one’s environment and new information, and altering one’s preexisting schemas in order to fit in the new information
accomodation
basic process of human adaptation
equilibrium
4 stages of cognitive development
- sensorimotor stage
- pre-operational stage
- concrete operational stage
- formal operational stage
specific form of adaptation in infancy, in which the infant accidentally performs some action, perceives it, and then repeats the action
circular responses
6 substages of sensorimotor stage
- use of reflex
- primary circular reaction
- secondary circular reaction
- coordinated secondary reaction
- tertiary circular reaction
- invention of new means through mental combination
most important development of the sensorimotor stage
object permanence
imitation of behavior a child has seen before
deferred animation
awareness that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible
object permanence
sensorimotor stage begins at ____ and ends at ____
- birth
- 2 years of age
stage that begins when the child starts to use symbols and language
pre-operational stage
cognitive development characterized by increased abstract thinking and the use of metacognitive skills
formal operational stage
children can theorize about the world but this ability is limited to concrete objects that they can see
concrete operational stage
2 substages of pre-operational stage
- preconceptual stage
- intuitative or transitional stage
the child becomes less egocentric and much better at classifying objects on the basis of perceptual categories such as size, shape, and color
intuitative or transitional stage
characterized by the increasing use of symbols, including language and symbolic play
preconceptual stage
belief that all moving objects are alive
animism
process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring other aspects
centration
view of the world that is centered on one’s own perspective
egocentricity
when any two events co-vary, the child assumes that one has caused the other
transuctive reasoning
knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangements and physical appearance of objects
conservation
ability to mentally classify objects by placing them in order according to one or more dimensions
seration
ability to recognize logical relationships among elements in serial order
transitivity
ability to group objects together on the basis of common features
classification
ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into account
decentring
the child understands that numbers or objects can be changed, then returned to their original state
reversibility
understanding that the quantity, length or number of items is understand to the arrangement or appearance of the object or item
conservation
ability to view things from another perspective
elimination of egocentrism
combining, separating, multiplying, repeating and dividing
performs operations
thinking entails discovering and examining relationships between objects
first order process
involve thinking about your own thoughts, looking for connections between relationships, and moving between reality and possibility
second order process
governs the way that adolescents think about social matters and is the heightened self-consciousness in them as they are which is reflected in their sense of personal uniqueness and invincibility
adolescent egocentrism
2 types of social thinking
- imaginary audience
- personal fable
involves attention-getting behavior
imaginary audience
involves adolescent’s sense of personal uniqueness and invincibility
personal fable
believes that development results from learning
learning perspective
2 important learning theories
- behaviorism
- social learning theory
theories that explain how people learn:
- behavioral learning theory
- social learning theory
- cognitive learning theory
- constructivism learning theory
- experiential learning theory
founder of behaviorism
john watson
john watson was influenced by the work of ____
ivan pavlov
development is observable behavior that can be learned through experience with our environment
behaviorism
2 kinds of associative learning that is the focus of behaviorism
- classical conditioning
- operant conditioning
learning through association
classical conditioning
best known for his work: operant conditioning
skinner
device used to study animal behavior
skinner box
learning through reinforcement
operant conditioning
principles of operant conditioning
- reinforcement
- punishment
process by which behavior is strengthened, increasing the chance that it will be repeated
reinforcement
adding something to increase the chance of repetition
positive reinforcement
removing something to increase the chance of repetition
negative reinforcement
process by which behavior is weakened, decreasing the likelihood of repetition
punishment
adding something to decrease the chance of repetition
positive punishment
removing something to decrease the chance of repetition
negative punishment
theory of learning that explains how people acquire new behaviors, attitudes, and knowledge through observing and imitating others
social learning theory
leading proponent of social learning theory
albert bandura
“learning is _____: we learn from the environment, and the environment learns and is modified thanks to our actions”
bidirectional
functioning in two different directions
bidirectional
bidirectional is a concept called _____
reciprocal determinism
interplay between our personality and the way we interpret events and how they influence us
reciprocal determinism
3 factors that shapes human behavior
- environment
- person
- behavior
each factor influences and is influenced by the other two
triadic reciprocal causation
external social context; influences how a person may act and the frequency of their behavior
environment
responses to stimuli to achieve goals; what a person does and says can affect both the environment and individual characteristics, both in the self and in others
behavior
can influence what environment a person will choose, and how they may behave in the environment
person
learning that occurs through observing what others do
observational learning
observational learning is also called
imitation or modeling
bandura proposes that people cognitively represent the ______ and then sometimes adopt this _______ themselves
- behavior of others
- behavior
observational learning is centered on the concept of _____
modeling
encompasses the act of both adding and subtracting from the behavior being observed while also generalizing from one observation to another
modeling
when individuals witness successful demonstrations of certain behaviors, they are more likely to be able to ____ them with success
replicate
became interested in dev psych, specifically in piaget’s work, on the moral development of children
lawrence kohlberg
kohlberg was widely recognized for his theory on the ______
stages of moral development
process by which people develop the distinction between right and wrong and engage in reasoning between the two
moral development
moral development is a ____ process that occurs throughout the lifespan and at the same time creates a new field within psychology
continual
number of stages and levels of moral development
- 6
- 3
3 levels of moral development
- pre-conventional morality (pre-moral)
- conventional morality
- post-conventional morality
individuals at this level apply certain standards, but they are the standards set by others (parents or government)
conventional morality
individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then decides on a personal moral code
post conventional morality
children’s decisions are primarily shaped by the expectations of adults and the consequences of breaking the rules
pre-conventional morality
obedience and punishment are especially common in young children, but adults are also capable of expressing this type of reasoning
heteronomous morality
people at the stage of heteronomous morality see rules as _____ and ______
fixed and absolute
children account for individual points of view and judge actions based on how they serve individual needs
naively egoistic
in the naively egoictic stage, children begin to make their own moral decisions which are normally based on what _____ their own needs and what is ____ in line with their understanding of the social rules
- serves
- negotiated
focused on living up to social expectations and roles; begins to put themself in another’s shoes and think from another perspective
good girl or good boy
good girl or good girl stage finds ____ very important
peer approval
people begin to consider society as a whole when making judgements
law and social order
people begin to account for the differing values, opinions, and beliefs of other people
legalistic social contract
people follow these internalized principles of justice, even if they conflict with laws and rules
universal ethical principle
6 stages of moral development
- heteronomous morality
- naively egoistic
- good girl or good boy
- law and social order
- legalistic social contract
- universal ethical principle
