Lesson 5.2

Question 1

are aggregates of minerals present in high concentration.
Regardless of whether it has high economic value or none, an accumulation of
minerals are still considered mineral deposits.

Answer 1

Mineral deposits

Question 2

Mineral deposits are aggregates of minerals present in high concentration.
Regardless of whether it has high economic value or none, an accumulation of
minerals are still considered mineral deposits. However, when it is economically
valuable, it is called​

Answer 2

ore deposit​.

Question 3

Four Groups of Mineral Deposits

Answer 3

energy resources
metal resources
industrial mineral resources
essential resources

Question 4

can be further divided into fossil fuels and nuclear fuels. Fossil
fuels include natural gas, coal, oil shale, tar sand and oil while nuclear fuels include
thorium and uranium.

Answer 4

Energy Resources

Question 5

include structural metals such as​ iron, copper, and aluminum​ as
well as economic metals such as ​gold​ and ​platinum​. These resources also include
technological metals such as ​lithium ​and ​rare earth metals​.

Answer 5

Metal Resources

Question 6

include commodities such as salt, potash, and sand​.
These minerals are widely used in the field of construction, chemical industries and
even agriculture.

Answer 6

Industrial Mineral Resources

Question 7

are minerals that pertain to those needed by living organisms.
These minerals are found in soil and water. One good example of essential
resource mineral is ​zinc ​that is naturally present in water and soil.

Answer 7

Essential Resources

Question 8

In the lithosphere, minerals are present everywhere but usually in minute amounts.
Therefore, high quality ore should be located in small area for mining to be
profitable. Searching for valuable ore is called

Answer 8

​mineral exploration.

Question 9

refers to the
concentration of the valuable minerals in an ore deposit.

Answer 9

Grade

Question 10

minimum
concentration required to profitably extract the ore is called

Answer 10

​cut-off grade​

Question 11

minerals that have no commercial value.

Answer 11

​gangue minerals​

Question 12

The technology nowadays provides a means to search for high quality ore without
doing the actual mining. Various exploration techniques were used to assess ore
deposits prior to mining. These techniques include

Answer 12

remote sensong
geophysical methods
geochemical methods

Question 13

This method uses devices such as sonar, radar​, and satellite images to gather
image representation of the earth’s surface. These representations aid us in finding
for probable mining sites.

Answer 13

Remote Sensing

Question 14

is a technique that uses the properties of minerals and geology to determine its location

An example is diamond extraction. Through volcanic pipes,
diamond bearing rocks known as kimberlites were carried from the mantle to the
surface. Geologists search for these ancient volcanic pipes when looking for
diamond deposits. The illustration below shows the first kimberlite pipe discovered.
It is located in South Africa. The big hole was created after the pipe was excavated.

Answer 14

Geophysical Methods

Question 15

Merging the idea of the chemical properties of minerals and geology of a location,
compounds present in the ore and its abundance will be identified.

Answer 15

Geochemical Methods

Question 16

Two Methods of Mining

Answer 16

surface
underground

Question 17

extraction of valuable minerals from mineral deposits

Answer 17

Mining

Question 18

is being used to extract ore minerals near the surface of Earth. This
type of mining is being performed to obtain sand, gravel, coal, phosphates, iron,
copper, and aluminum. It is usually preferred than underground mining since it is
less expensive, safer, and it involves less electricity and water. However, it poses
more environmental problems than underground mining. The soil and rocks that
cover the ores are being removed through blasting. Blasting is a controlled use of
explosives and gas exposure to break rocks.

Answer 18

Surface mining

Question 19

five types of surface mining.

Answer 19

strip mining
open-pit mining
dredging
mountaintop removal mining
highwall mining

Question 20

is usually used in extracting coal. This type of mining is ideal on
surfaces that are flat and horizontal. In this method, a thin strip of layer is removed
above the mineral deposit, and wastes are dumped just behind it. Once the mineral
deposit is exposed, another strip parallel to the first strip is made, and this time, the
wastes are dumped on top of the first strip. This is the cheapest type of mining, but
it produces the largest environmental footprint.

Answer 20

Strip mining

Question 21

also known as open-cast mining, is considered as the most
common type of surface mining. It is usually used to extract near-surface deposits
like sand and gravel. This type of mining creates an open pit mine or a large-scale
hole in the ground that is continuously enlarged by blasting and drilling the rocks
apart. The mine becomes cone-shaped with benches or steps spiraling from top to
bottom when exposed in a cross-section. This orientation allows the trucks to go
down the mine from the sides while collecting the blasted debris.

Answer 21

Open pit mining​,

Question 22

is a type of mining that is used to collect unconsolidated materials from
bodies of water. Although this type of mining does not contribute to chemical
pollution, it still affects diversity of organisms in the water by dispersing fine
particles over a large area. In the long run, it could degrade marine habitats by
disrupting water currents and sediment placement.

Answer 22

Dredging

Question 23

is a form of strip mining where the mountaintops
are removed to extract coal, and the wastes are dumped to nearby areas called
valley fills.

Answer 23

Mountaintop removal mining

Question 24

is an open-cut mining which can be a combination of surface and
underground mining. This type of mining is usually used in coal extraction. Rocks
are drilled beneath the ground which can be very dangerous, especially when there
is undermining on the high wall causing the ground to become unstable.

Answer 24

Highwall mining

Question 25

is used to extract the rocks, minerals, and other precious
stones that can be found deep beneath Earth’s surface. The underground mining
requires the creation of a tunnel so miners can reach the ore minerals. This kind of
mining is more expensive and dangerous as compared to surface mining because
miners need to use explosive devices to remove the minerals from the rocks
surrounding them.

Answer 25

Underground mining

Question 26

types of underground mining

Answer 26

room-and-pillar mining
shrinkage stoping
vertical crater retreat (VCR).

Question 27

a method used to extract mineral resources that are
deep and tabular. Pillars are left to support the hanging wall. Rooms and pillars are
arranged in regular patterns where pillars are designed with circular or square
cross sections separating the rooms.

Answer 27

Room-and-pillar mining

Question 28

is a method where the ore deposits are excavated by slicing a
horizontal pattern, starting from the bottom of the deposit going upwards.

Answer 28

Shrinkage stoping​

Question 29

a method that uses crater blasting techniques
where powerful explosives are placed in big holes. This method is widely used by
miners worldwide.

Answer 29

Vertical crater retreat (VCR)