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Earth Science > Lesson 4.1 > Flashcards

Lesson 4.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

a naturally occurring, inorganic,
homogeneous solid, with a definite
chemical composition, and an ordered
crystalline structure.

A

Minerals

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2
Q

Physical Properties of Minerals

A

Color
Streak
Luster
Crystal habit
Cleavage
Fracture
Hardness
Specific gravity

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3
Q

refers to certain wavelengths of light that are reflected by a
mineral and is perceived by the observer.

A

Color

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4
Q

is the color of the powdered form of a mineral.

A

Streak

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5
Q

is the appearance of a mineral’s surface and is dependent on
how it reflects light.

A

Luster

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6
Q

–is the characteristic shape in which a mineral grows
and is a projection of the mineral’s crystal structure.

A

Crystal habit

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7
Q

is the tendency of some minerals to break along flat
surfaces.

A

Cleavage

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8
Q

is the pattern in which the mineral breaks aside from its
planes of cleavage.

A

Fracture

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9
Q

is the resistance of the minerals to scratching.

A

Hardness

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10
Q

is the ratio of a minerals’ weight to the weight of an
equal volume of water.

A

Specific gravity

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11
Q

Chemical Properties of Minerals

A

Solubility
Melting point

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12
Q

refers the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent at a
specified temperature.

A

Solubility

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13
Q

refers to the temperature at which solid turns into liquid.

A

Melting point

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14
Q

Mineral Groups Based on Chemical Composition

A

elements
sulfides
halides
oxides and hydroxides
nitates, carbonates, borates
sulfates
chromates,molybdate,tungstates
phosphates, arsenates, vanadates
silicates

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15
Q

Most of the minerals here are composed of only one _.
Having knowledge about elements enables scientists to identify
bonding possibilities and compounds that can be created.

A

element

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16
Q

Minerals under these group are composed of a metal joined by
a sulfur. Metallic luster is the characteristic that distinguish
them.

A

Sulfides

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17
Q

These are nonmetal groups which consists of chlorine,
fluorine, bromine, and iodine as their main chemical
constituent.

A

Halides

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18
Q

These are mineral groups composed of one or more metals
joined with oxygen, water, or hydroxyl (OH–)

A

Oxides and
hydroxides

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19
Q

It is formed when a metal is combined with carbon, nitrogen
and boron.

A

Nitrates,
carbonates,
borates

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20
Q

One or more metal is combined with a sulfate compound (SO4)

A

Sulfates

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21
Q

Chromate, molybdate, or tungstate substituted the place of the
sulfate group. These minerals are usually brightly colored,
brittle and dense.

A

Chromates,
molybdate,
tungstates

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22
Q

One or more metal is chemically combined with the
phosphates, arsenates, vanadates group.

A

Phosphates,
arsenates,
vanadates

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23
Q

This is the largest mineral group. Minerals under this group
have different amounts of silicon and oxygen

A

Silicates

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24
Q

Analysis of the Composition and
Crystal Structure of Minerals

A

Wet chemical analysis
Spectroscopic techniques

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25
Q

involves
dissolving a mineral in an acid and
analyzing the solution.

A

Wet chemical analysis

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26
Q

involve quantitative analysis of
mineral components depending
on the light absorbance of the
compounds.

A

Spectroscopic techniques

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27
Q

most common rock-forming minerals

A

quartz
feldspar
mica,
pyroxene
amphibole
olivine.

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27
Q

most common rock-forming minerals

A

quartz
feldspar
mica,
pyroxene
amphibole
olivine.

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28
Q

Self-colored minerals are called

Their color is a diagnostic
property. This means that the color of a mineral is constant and it depends on the
elements that make up their chemical structure.

Examples are malachite (always
green), rhodochrosite (always red) and sulfur (always yellow).

A

idiochromatic minerals

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29
Q

color is not a reliable diagnostic property since small
impurities may dramatically alter their color. For example, quartz may occur in
different varieties. This includes colorless, milky, smoky, citrine, amethyst, and rose
as shown below

are often weakly-colored or colorless in
their pure state, which allows impurities to pervade them with color

A

allochromatic minerals

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30
Q

are false-colored minerals. Their colors are due
to light diffraction. In this instance, color may be variable but is an exclusive
properties of the mineral.

A

pseudochromatic minerals

31
Q

classifications of mineral color

A

idiochromatic
allochromatic
pseudochromatic

32
Q

Minerals appear the same as a pearl or the abalone shell’s interior.

A

pearly (luster)

33
Q

It shows similar properties with silk which has fine parallel

threads.

A

silky (luster)

34
Q

A mineral has a plain-looking sheen.

A

dull (luster)

35
Q

Its characteristics are the same with a resin or chewing gum.

A

resinous (luster)

36
Q

Minerals are opaque and looks like Earth or dirt.

A

earthy (luster)

37
Q

Minerals are very shiny and brilliant.

A

adamantine (luster)

38
Q

occurs if it has the same sheen as a glass.

A

vitreous or glassy (luster)

39
Q

A mineral has the same appearance as a polished metal.

A

metallic (luster)

40
Q

types of luster

A

pearly
silky
dull
resionous
earth
adamantine
vitreous or glassy
metallic

41
Q

Needle-like. Its size is wider than fibrous but thinner than prismatic.

A

acicular

42
Q

Its shape is rectangular, but the sides are not necessarily flat.

A

blocky

43
Q

Tablet-like. It has flat squares.

A

tabular

44
Q

Furry-like. Its sides are thinner than acicular.

A

fibrous

45
Q

Its shape is like a knife.

A

bladed

46
Q

Plant-like.

A

dendritic

47
Q

Pencil-like. Its sides are thicker than acicular.

A

prismatic

48
Q

types of crystal habit

A

acicular
blocky
tabular
fibrous
bladed
dendritic
prismatic

49
Q

1 cleavage
planes on top of the other

A

basal

50
Q

2 cleavage
cleavage at right planes

A

prismatic

51
Q

2 cleavage
cleavage not at right angles

A

non-prismatic

52
Q

3 cleavage
cleavage at right angles

A

cubic

53
Q

3 cleavage
cleavage not at right angles

A

rhombohedral

54
Q

4 cleavage
formed 8 faces

A

octahedral

55
Q

4 cleavage
formed 12 faces

A

sphalerite

56
Q

types of cleavage

A

basal
prismatic
non prismatic
cubic
rhombohedral
octahedral
sphalerite

57
Q

Fracture looks like a semi-circular shell.

A

conchoidal

58
Q

Fracture appears as jagged points. It has sharp and rough

surface.

A

jagged

59
Q

Splintery-fibrous-like fracture

A

splintery

60
Q

Rough and irregular fracture. Common in most minerals.

A

uneven

61
Q

Types of fracture

A

conchoidal
jagged
splintery
uneven

62
Q

relative Mohs scale of hardness

A

talcm
gypsum
calcite
fluorite
apatite
feldspar
quartz
topaz
corundum
diamond

63
Q

The
Geologist
Can
Find
An
Ordinary
Quartz
Tourists
Call
Diamond

A
64
Q

involves dissolving a mineral in an acid and analyzing
the solution. An acid used is usually hydrochloric acid (5-10%).

If a bubble is evident
after putting drops of the acid, it indicates that carbonate minerals such as calcite and dolomite is present.

A

wet chemical analysis

65
Q

uses a controlled flame to separate
the components of a sample and monochromator linked to a detector to
search for wavelengths of light that are absorbed by the sample

A

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS)

66
Q

uses argon gas to move
the sample vapor into a chamber under high vacuum where both the sample
and the gas are heated for the elements to give off a characteristic
wavelength of light. This technique is able to trace and identify almost all the
minerals present in the sample.

A

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectroscopy

67
Q

uses high voltage electrons toward
a metal target to produce a specific wavelength X-ray beam that hits the
sample. Comparing the sample intensities to that of the standard can be used to calculate the concentration of elements present in the mineral. This
technique will give an analyst a real-time rock analysis. This is more
convenient and efficient than the older technique which takes weeks before
analysis is presented.

A

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy

68
Q

is a technique that only applies to
pure amorphous or crystalline substances and is used to study the structure
of the crystals. This process is done by firing an X-ray beam at a finely-ground
sample at different angles. Then reflected or diffracted rays can be used to
compute for the dimensions of the unit cell. This technique is used to obtain
information from unknown crystalline substances particularly most minerals.

A

X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD)

69
Q

has a chemical composition of SiO 2
. It
is a glass-like hard substance with white
streaks. It has Mohs hardness of 7 which
makes the _ grains resist scratching of
nail or a pocket knife.

Pure _ is also
known as “rock crystal” that is colorless and
transparent. Trace amounts of impurities
cause colored varieties of _. _ can
occur as amethyst (purple-violet), citrine
(yellow), smoky or cairngorm (brown), morion
(black), rose (pink), sapphire _ (blue), and
milky (semi-translucent white). The grains of
_, in general, are irregular in shape and
exhibits conchoidal fracture.

A

quartz

70
Q

has a chemical composition of XAlSi 3O 8

, where X is potassium (K), calcium
(Ca), or sodium (Na). It is quite hard with a Mohs hardness of 6. It is a light-colored
mineral, usually white, but can also exist in lighter shades of red or green. It has a
glassy luster.

In rocks, _ forms rectangular crystals that break along flat
faces.

A

feldspar

71
Q

[KAl 3AlSi 3O 10
)(OH) 2
]
occurs as a white, shiny and silvery
mineral. It has a pearly to vitreous
luster, white streak and often sheds
into tiny flakes when scratched.

A

Muscovite mica

72
Q

[K 2

(Mg,Fe) 3AlSi 3O 10

(OH,O,F) 2

] is black, dark green, or dark brown,
shiny, and often occurs in small-hexagonal crystals. It has a vitreous luster,
flaky habit and white to gray streak. _ sheets are elastic when bent.

A

Biotite mica

73
Q

minerals have a general composition of
XY(Al,Si) 2O 6 where X is calcium (Ca) or magnesium
(Mg) and Y is either magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), or
aluminum (Al). It occurs as short, stubby and black
to dark-green crystals (although other colors may
occur). It has a glassy luster with streaks of white,
light green, or light brown. It has good cleavage in
two directions (both at almost 90°) and cleavage
surfaces are often hard to see in a regular rock
sample. Augite is the most common mineral of this
group.

A

Pyroxene

74
Q

has a general formula of
W 0-1X 2Y 5Z 8O 22

(OH) 2 and has a dark color with a Mohs
hardness ranging from 5 to 6. It is opaque and has
a glassy luster. It occurs as long and slender
crystals. It has good cleavage in two directions
(approximately 60°and 120°) and therefore has a
stair-step appearance under a hand lens.
Hornblende is the most common amphibole.

A

Amphibole

75
Q

is a silicate mineral with a general chemical
composition of (Mg,Fe) 2SiO 4

, but calcium,
manganese, and nickel can be substituted for
magnesium and iron. It occurs as small, light green,
glassy crystals. It is commonly used in the
gemstone industry as peridot. It is a glassy looking
and transparent substance that is almost as hard as
quartz. Its sugary or sacharroidal texture and
olive-green color make it distinctive from other
rock-forming minerals.

A

Olivine

Earth Science (29 decks)

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