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Human Development & Health Promotion - PNUR1265 > Leifer (2019) - Toddler > Flashcards

Leifer (2019) - Toddler Flashcards

1
Q

The toddler is in Erikson’s stage of ___ versus shame and doubt, which is based on a continuum of trust established during infancy.

A

autonomy

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2
Q

By 1 year of age, they have generally ___ their birth weight and gained control of their head, hands, and feet.

A

tripled

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3
Q

Toddlers alternate between dependence and independence. They test their power by saying ‘no’ frequently. This is called ___.

A

negativism

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4
Q

Another characteristic of toddler behaviour is ___; where a toddler increases their sense of security by making compulsive routines of simple tasks.

A

Ritualism

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5
Q

Ritualism should be (disrespected/respected).

A

respected

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6
Q

The legs and arms lengthen through ossification and growth in the epiphyseal areas of the long bones. The trunk and head grow (slower/faster).

A

slower

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7
Q

The toddler gains 1.8 to ___ kg per year.

A

2.7

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8
Q

The birth weight usually ___ by 2.5 years of age.

A

quadruples

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9
Q

The toddler grows approximately ___ cm per year in height.

A

7.5

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10
Q

The height of a 2-year-old is thought to be one ___ of the potential adult height of that child.

A

half

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11
Q

The height and weight are plotted carefully on a ___ chart during each clinic visit to reflect what should be a steady pace of growth and development.

A

growth

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12
Q

Social Behaviour

Match the answers (ages) with the statements.

A
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13
Q

Fine Motor

Match the answers (ages) with the statements.

A
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14
Q

Gross Motor

Match the answers (ages) with the statements.

A
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15
Q

Language

Match the answers (ages) with the statements.

A
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16
Q

Cognition

Match the answers (ages) with the statements.

A
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17
Q

The rate of brain growth (decelerates/accelerates).

A

decelerates

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18
Q

The increase in head circumference during infancy is 10 cm, whereas during the ___ year of life it is only 2.5 cm.

A

2nd

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19
Q

Chest circumference continues to (decrease/increase).

A

increase

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20
Q

After the second year, the child appears (fatter/leaner) because the chest circumference begins to exceed the abdominal circumference.

A

leaner

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21
Q

The protuberant abdomen flattens when the muscle fibres (decrease/increase) in size and strength.

A

increase

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22
Q

Myelination of the spinal cord is practically complete by ___ years of age, allowing for control of anal and urethral sphincters.

A

2

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23
Q

Bowel and bladder control is usually complete by 2.5 to ___ years of age.

A

3

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24
Q

Respirations are still mainly ___ but shift to thoracic as the child approaches school age.

A

abdominal

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25
Q

The shivering process, in which the capillaries constrict or dilate in response to body temperature, has (declined/matured).

A

matured

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26
Q

The skin becomes (soft/tough) as the epidermis and dermis bond more tightly, which protects the child from fluid loss, infection, and irritation.

A

tough

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27
Q

The lymphatic tissues of the adenoids and tonsils (decline/enlarge) during this period.

A

enlarge

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28
Q

True or false: tonsillitis, otitis media, and upper respiratory infections are common problems.

A

True

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29
Q

Eruption of deciduous teeth continues until completion at about ___ years of age.

A

2.5

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30
Q

The blood pressure of a toddler may average 90/55 to 105/___ mm Hg; the respiratory rate slows to 20 to ___ breaths/min, and breathing continues to be abdominal.

A

70

30

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31
Q

The pulse of a toddler slows to a range of
___ to 110 beats/min.

A

70

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32
Q

Digestive processes and the volume capacity of the stomach increase to accommodate a ___-meal-a-day schedule.

A

3

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33
Q

Adapted for using both eyes.

A

Binocular

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34
Q

This vision is well established by age 15 months.

A

Binocular

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35
Q

Visual acuity is about 20/40 by ___ years of age.

A

2

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36
Q

They assimilate information through trial and error plus repetition. They try alternative methods of accomplishing a goal. Thought processes advance, preparing the way for more complex mental operations. The sensorimotor and ___ phase of development described by Piaget develops rapidly between 1 and 3 years of age, and the toddler’s behaviour reflects this.

A

preconceptual

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37
Q

Consists of protest, despair, and detachment and develops in infancy while continuing throughout toddlerhood.

A

Separation anxiety

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38
Q

Separation anxiety peaks at 18 months and is mostly resolved at ___ months

A

24

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39
Q

An example this is when a toddler becomes aware that there may be fun items behind closed doors and in closed drawers.

A

Object permanence

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40
Q

Toddlers’ body image and self-esteem may be impaired if they are scolded in a way that makes them feel they are bad rather than their ___ being bad.

A

behaviour

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41
Q

By ___ years of age there is recognition of sexual differences.

A

2

42
Q

Language Milestones

A
43
Q

Language Milestones

A
44
Q

Language development parallels (cognitive/physical) growth.

A

cognitive

45
Q

Comprehension (exceeds/ is subsequent of) verbalization.

A

exceeds

46
Q

By ___ years of age the child has a rather extensive vocabulary of about 900 words. Speech is more than 90% intelligible.

A

3

47
Q

At about the end of the ___ year, the infant begins to make noises that sound like ‘bye-bye,’ ‘ma-ma,’ and ‘da-da.’

A

1st

48
Q

The following are signs of this disorder.

  • No pointing, gesturing (bye-bye) by 12 months
  • No single words by 16 months
  • No spontaneous two-word phrases by 24 months
  • Loss of achieved language or social skills
A

Autism

49
Q

Symptoms of Possible Communication Disorder

Match the answers (ages) with the statements.

A
50
Q

Many late talkers are perfectly normal children who prefer ___ rather than active participation.

A

listening

51
Q

Lead poisoning and ___ deficits should be ruled out before screening for other developmental problems such as autism.

A

hearing

52
Q

Uncontrolled anger reactions.

A

Temper tantrums

53
Q

A period in a safe place that helps the child to develop the ability to tolerate delayed gratification and self-regulation.

A

Time-out

54
Q

___ punishment (spanking) is not an effective method of discipline because regular spanking may reflect a desperate effort by the parent to gain control over a toddler who is exercising their beginning autonomy (independent functioning) and developing negativism.

A

Corporal

55
Q

Time-out, limit setting, clear communication, and frequent rewards and approval for positive behaviour are (ineffective/effective) noncorporal techniques of discipline.

A

effective

56
Q

True or false: children should wear their usual shoes at their periodic checkups because this demonstrates how the shoes have been worn, which may indicate to the health care provider how the child is walking and using their body.

A

True

57
Q

True or false: the toddler may go barefoot whenever it is safe because this strengthens the foot muscles.

A

True

58
Q

The result of proper nutrition, plenty of fresh air and exercise, and sufficient rest.

A

Good posture

59
Q

Behaviour Concerns During Early Childhood, Normal Expectations, and Parental Guidance: Sleep Disorders.

Match each statement with the correct headings.

A
60
Q

Behaviour Concerns During Early Childhood, Normal Expectations, and Parental Guidance: Temper Tantrum.

Match each statement with the correct headings.

A
61
Q

Behaviour Concerns During Early Childhood, Normal Expectations, and Parental Guidance: Toilet Learning and Bed Wetting.

Match each statement with the correct headings.

A
62
Q

Occurs with environmental or social changes, such as arrival of sibling, moving, or divorce.

A

Regression

63
Q

Behaviour Concerns During Early Childhood, Normal Expectations, and Parental Guidance: Aggressive or Quarrelsome Behaviour, Sibling Rivalry.

Match each statement with the correct headings.

A
64
Q

Behaviour Concerns During Early Childhood, Normal Expectations, and Parental Guidance: Inability to Separate, Excessive Shyness.

Match each statement with the correct headings.

A
65
Q

Politically correct term: toilet (training/learning).

A

learning

66
Q

Voluntary control of anal and urethral sphincters begins at about ___ to 24 months.

A

18

67
Q

They should not be left on the potty chair for more than a few (seconds/minutes) at a time.

A

minutes

68
Q

Bladder training is begun when the toddler stays dry for about ___ hours at a time.

A

2

69
Q

Most children continue to have occasional accidents until age ___ years.

A

4

70
Q

During toilet learning, readiness is (unimportant/important).

A

important

71
Q

The following are signs of toilet learning ___:

1) The child wakes up dry in the morning or after naptime.

2) The child is able to communicate in some fashion that they are wet or need to urinate or defecate.

3) The child is willing to sit on the potty for several minutes at a time.

A

readiness

72
Q

Sitting on the potty too long without supervision may result in the child thinking it is bathroom ___.

A

playtime

73
Q

The word that toddlers use to signal defecation or urination should be one that is ___ by others besides the immediate family.

A

recognized

74
Q

Common for the toddler during stress such as hospitalization, a move to a new home, or illness.

A

Regression (bladder, bowels, and/or developmental)

75
Q

The Canadian Paediatric Society (CPS) recommends breastfeeding until ___ months of age.

A

24

76
Q

___ products provide the toddler with calcium and phosphorous.

A

Dairy

77
Q

Daily consumption of more than ___ mL of milk limits the amount of solid foods that are eaten and can lead to dietary deficiencies of iron.

A

750

78
Q

Children need adequate ___ intake and to have their energy requirements met to cover maintenance needs and provide for optimum growth.

A

protein

79
Q

Children between 1 and ___ years of age are high-risk candidates for anemia

A

3

80
Q

The toddler might eat one food with vigour one week and ___ it the next.

A

refuse

81
Q

One who is selective about foods and their colour, taste, texture, or smell but eats sufficient foods and fluids to maintain growth and development.

A

‘Picky eater’

82
Q

A child who refuses to eat or drink a variety of foods or liquids to maintain adequate growth and development may have a ___ disorder.

A

feeding

83
Q

Results in weight loss for more than 1 month.

A

Feeding disorder

84
Q

Care that is not regulated by the government and may be offered by relatives, friends, neighbours, or those who have advertised such services.

A

Unlicensed

85
Q

In Ontario, unlicensed day care operators are not allowed to look after more than ___ children, including their own, under the age of 6.

A

5

86
Q

Daycare centres that are subject to provincial regulations about physical layout, number of children per caretaker, education of personnel, and other factors. They are also inspected at least once a year.

A

Licensed

87
Q

The CPS recommends that all ___-month-old children have an enhanced well-baby visit.

A

18

88
Q

This type of visit should include the following:

  • A developmental screening tool (e.g., the Nipissing District Developmental Screen [NDDS]), to stimulate discussion with parents about their child’s development—both how they can support it and what concerns they may have
  • Screening for parental morbidities (mental health problems, abuse, substance misuse, physical illness)
  • Promotion of early literacy activities (reading, speaking, and singing to babies) for every family
  • Information about community-based early childhood development resources for every family (parenting programs, parent and early learning resource centres, libraries, recreational and community centres)
A

Well-Baby Visit

89
Q

The leading cause of death and injury in childhood.

A

Accidents

90
Q

The best prevention of ___ is knowledge of age-appropriate risks and anticipatory guidelines.

A

accidents

91
Q

Identify the common hazards known to toddlers.

A

1) Traffic and Automobile
2) Burns
3) Falls
4) Suffocation and Choking
5) Poisoning
6) Drowning
7) Electric Shock
8) Animal Bites
9) Safety

92
Q

Regulates the Consumer Product Safety Act and has established regulations for cribs, cradles, and bassinets.

A

Health Canada

93
Q

Car seats are safest in the middle of the rear seat of the car and should be rear facing at least until the child weighs ___ kg, is 1 year old, and is able to walk.

A

10

94
Q

Children should be in a car seat until they weigh a minimum ___ kg.

A

22

95
Q

The department within the Government of Canada responsible for developing regulations, policies and services of road, rail, marine and air transportation in Canada.

A

Transport Canada

96
Q

Children’s toys and related products that are manufactured, imported, advertised, or sold in Canada are subject to the Canadian Consumer ___ Safety Act and the Toys Regulations.

A

Product

97
Q

Toddlers and preschoolers (do not need/need) expensive toys to spark their imagination in play activities.

A

do not need

98
Q

Thinking in which children relate everything to themselves.

A

Egocentric

99
Q

Playing next to, but not with, their peers.

A

Parallel Play

100
Q

Play involving imagination and sharing skills.

A

Cooperative Play

Human Development & Health Promotion - PNUR1265 (15 decks)

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