Edelman & Kudzma (2021) p. 406 - 432 / Young Adult Flashcards
Young Adult
The young adult period encompasses the ages from ___ to ___ years.
18
34
Young adults (are not totally/are totally) independent and are learning to separate from the home and their parents.
are not totally
Among Canadians aged 25 to 34, more than half the deaths are attributed to ___ (36%), ___ (18%), and cancer (11%).
accidents
suicide
Deaths from medication overdoses (doubled/tripled) in the 25 to 39 age group across Canada.
doubled
Five or more drinks in one session for males and four or more drinks in one session for females:
binge drinking.
A study of 507 post-secondary students indicated that 67% of (males/females) and 71% of (males/females) engaged in binge drinking at least once in the previous 30 days.
males
females
Almost ___% of young adults use the Internet daily.
100
Health-promotion efforts are particularly important for young adults because health ___ for this age group has the significant potential to directly influence overall health outcomes for this current and subsequent generations.
teaching
They are (less/more) diverse, educated, and socially connected than past young adults.
more
(Few/many) are unemployed or employed in temporary jobs and may be struggling with mental health challenges, addictions, and homelessness.
many
Young adulthood is generally the (least/most) healthy time of life.
most
Physical growth is mostly complete by the age of ___ years.
20
The young adult’s physical abilities are in ___ condition, and compensatory mechanisms operate optimally during illness to provide minimal disruption in health patterns.
peak
Full adult stature in men is reached at approximately age ___ years; in women, full growth occurs earlier, typically by age ___ years.
21
17
Optimal muscle strength occurs from age 25 years to age 30 years, and then gradually declines by approximately ___% from age 30 years to age 60 years.
10
Manual dexterity peaks in young adulthood and begins to decline in the mid-___s.
30
Women have (lesser/greater) longevity than men.
greater
In 2018, the life expectancy for the total Canadian population was ___9.8 years for men and 83.9 years for women.
7
Among Indigenous people, the Inuit have the (lowest/highest) projected life expectancy of 64 years for men and 73 years for women.
lowest
The Métis and First Nations populations have similar life expectancies, at 73-74 years for men and ___–80 years for women.
78
Concern about health and well-being is relatively low among individuals in their ___s but begins to increase in individuals in their ___s.
20
30
After the mid-___s, an increased sense of the finiteness of life develops.
30
In 2017, the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care recommended that annual checkups be (replaced/added) with focused age-appropriate health prevention activities and screening that emphasized the early identification and possible treatment of health conditions.
replaced
The Task Force expressed concern that annual nonspecific examinations may lead to (underdiagnosis/overdiagnosis) and conditions of uncertain clinical importance, which can lead to anxiety and unnecessary medical intervention.
overdiagnosis
This type of history focuses on risk factors for unintentional injuries, such as accidents, seat-belt use, and alcohol and drug consumption, which are major causes of death and disability in this age group.
Behaviour
Adults aged ___ to ___ years were the most likely to die from overdoses because they had the highest medication overdose mortality rate among all age groups.
20
39
A higher percentage of (men/women) than (men/women) die from overdose deaths.
men
women
True or false: suicide and self-inflicted injuries are the leading cause of death for Indigenous people up to 44 years of age.
True
Young adults (are not/are) comfortable with the use of technology to answer their health questions and tend to not believe in the infallibility of health care providers and the current health care system.
are
Up to ___3% do not schedule preventive health care provider visits, and about half of these individuals visit a primary care health care provider less than once a year.
9
They are (less/more) likely to use social media to pose questions about their health and receive answers from a large audience in real time.
more
They are (less/more) apt to join social support groups for 24-hour support from others who are experiencing the same health issues and are (less/more) likely to search for information about alternative medicine, supplements, and organic food.
more x2
The basic goals of ___ care are to maximize the period of optimal health status and detect incipient health problems.
preventive
An evidence-informed tool to screen average-risk adults at the periodic health examination.
Preventive Care Checklist
Includes measurements of height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and blood pressure (BP), with an emphasis on the need to avoid inactivity and obesity.
Physical Examination
Two risk factors for many health problems.
Inactivity and Obesity
Consists of a summary of history taking, physical examination, counselling, immunizations, and appropriate investigations relevant to preventive health care.
Preventive Care Checklist
The Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care currently advocates (against/for) teaching breast self-examination.
against
The Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the additional benefits and harm of clinical breast examination beyond screening mammography for women aged ___ to 74 years.
50
Screening for cervical cancer is strongly recommended in women who have been ___ active (Papanicolaou [Pap] smear).
sexually
Pap Smear:
papanicolaou smear.
The Canadian Cancer Society recommends that by age ___ all men should know how their testicles normally look and feel and that men should talk to their primary care provider if they notice any changes in their testicles.
15
May detect testicular cancer at an early stage and it may be taught to adult men.
Testicular Self-Examination (TSE)
TSE
Testicular Self-Examination
There is scant evidence to evaluate the accuracy, benefits, or effectiveness of Testicular Self-Examination (TSE) because early testicular cancers often present as ___ inflammations (epididymitis or testicular trauma).
benign
One in 25 Canadian adults aged ___ and older reported having a mood and anxiety disorder and at least one of the four major chronic diseases: cardiovascular disease (CVD), hypertension, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cancer.
20
Among Canadian adults, (physical/mental) illness is the leading case of workplace disability.
mental
Approximately 4 in 5 Canadian adults have at least one ___ risk factor for chronic disease such as self-reported tobacco smoking, physical inactivity, unhealthy eating, and harmful use of alcohol.
modifiable
Canada ranks among the worst of OECD (Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development) countries for adult ___ rates.
obesity
Indigenous people experience (lower/higher) rates of chronic diseases when compared with the non-Indigenous population.
higher
Chronic diseases are currently a (minor/major) cause of morbidity, mortality, and disability among Indigenous people.
major
Recent non-European and low-income immigrants and refugees reported (lower/higher) rates of chronic diseases, particularly hypertension and diabetes.
higher
Smoking, obesity, diabetes, and hypertension:
cardiovascular risk-factors.
The percentage of people with two or more major cardiovascular risk factors:
cardiovascular risk-factor profiles.
For all ethnic groups, cardiovascular risk-factor profiles were (worse/better) among those with longer duration of residency in Canada, particularly among Chinese and Black immigrants.
worse
Target BP: ___/___ mm Hg.
140, 90
Target BP in those with diabetes: ___/___ mm Hg.
130, 80
Screen for cervical cancer in women with a Pap Test if sexually active every ___ years.
3
Type 2 Diabetes: screen every ___ to ___ years, depending on risk determined using a calculator or other risk factors.
1
5
Fill in the blanks.
Fill in the blanks.
Fill in the blanks.
The outcome was least favourable for younger women and men aged ___ to 39 with ischemic heart disease (IHD), who were about 18 and 11 times more likely to die of any cause, respectively, than individuals of the same age without IHD.
20
The Canadian Cardiovascular Society recommends that screening for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and identification and management of risk factors should begin for men and women after the age of ___.
40
Providers may consider screening earlier for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in ethnic groups that have an increased ___, such as South Asian or Indigenous people.
risk
Among individuals aged 30 to 39 without diabetes, the presence of a positive parental history of premature cardiovascular disease (CVD) increases an individual’s Framingham risk score ___fold.
two-fold
___ cessation is considered the most important health behaviour for cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention.
Smoking
The primary goal of ___ therapy is an emphasis on the reduction of cholesterol, replacement of saturated fats with polyunsaturated fats, and avoidance of trans fats.
nutrition
Addition of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplement (is not/is) recommended because it (does not reduce/reduces) the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events.
is not
does not reduce
Adherence to a specific food plan, such as the Mediterranean diet, the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, or a low glycemic index diet, have all been shown to help reduce the risk of ___.
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
CVD
Cardiovascular Disease
This diet limits foods with refined carbohydrates, processed or fast food, red meat, and animal fat.
Mediterranean Diet
Individuals are further encouraged to accumulate ___ minutes of moderate-to-vigorous aerobic physical activity per week, in bouts of ___ minutes or more.
150
10
SADS
Sudden Arrhythmia Death Syndromes
Refer to a variety of cardiac arrhythmia disorders which are often genetic and can cause sudden death in young, apparently healthy people.
Arrhythmia Death Syndromes (SADS)
Warning signs include fainting (syncope) or seizure during physical activity, fainting (syncope) or seizure resulting from emotional excitement, emotional distress, and a family history of unexpected sudden death during physical activity or during a seizure, or any other unexplained sudden death of an otherwise healthy young person.
Arrhythmia Death Syndromes (SADS)
___ assessment of the young adult includes determination of the presence of hyperlipidemia, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, chest pain, heart disease, or unexpected syncope.
Cardiovascular
In women, a history of pregnancy-induced hypertension or pre-eclampsia is important and a risk factor for ___.
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
Results from increases in cardiac output or increases in peripheral resistance, or a combination of both, and is one of the most common chronic diseases affecting almost 160,000 Canadians aged 18 to 34.
Hypertension
It has broad health implications through its association with obesity, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and death.
Hypertension
In Canada, hypertension is ___% attributed to dietary factors and ___% related to physical inactivity.
80
20
The emphasis of ___ assessment is screening for hypertension to reduce cardiovascular risk, to monitor antihypertensive treatment, and to engage the patient in risk-reduction strategies.
Blood Pressure (BP)
Ambulatory or home measurement is (unpreferred/preferred) over BP measurement in-office to reduce the influence of ‘white coat’ or masked hypertension.
preferred
Regardless of the setting, measurement using an electronic (oscillometric) device is (unpreferred/preferred) over auscultatory methods.
preferred
Validated ___ devices with arm and ___ support at heart level may be used to measure blood pressure (BP) in young adults with obesity or large arm circumferences.
wrist x2
In adults without diabetes, hypertension is considered with blood pressure (BP) ≥135/85 mm Hg for an automated measurement in an ambulatory, home or office setting or ≥___/___ mm Hg in a non-automated office setting.
140, 90
True or false: heart attack and stroke is the (second leading cause/number one cause) of premature death in Canadian women and 53% of Canadian women have cardiac symptoms that go unrecognized.
number one cause
Frequently, (women/men) do not experience the classic ‘chest pressure or pain’ symptoms and may experience a heart attack without chest pressure.
women
During a heart attack, (women/men) may report shortness of breath, pressure or pain in the lower chest or upper abdomen, dizziness, lightheadedness or fainting, upper back pressure, or extreme fatigue.
women
Two-thirds of all clinical research funding for cardiovascular disease (CVD) disease focuses on (women/men).
men
Heart disease is the (third leading/leading) cause of death in women worldwide.
leading
Women with a history of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), such as pregnancy-induced hypertension or pre-eclampsia, have a significantly (lower/higher) risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).
higher
The panel reviewed a large meta-analysis of women with a history of HDP and discovered that the women have approximately (twice/thrice) the risk of developing heart disease, stroke, and thrombolytic events in the decades after pregnancy.
twice
New onset high blood pressure and at least one associated symptom, such as protein in your urine, during pregnancy or after delivery.
Preeclampsia
In adults with diabetes, hypertension is diagnosed when BP is ≥___/___ mm Hg with either non-automated or automated measurement in any setting.
130, 80
Hypertension treatment consists of modifying health behaviour (e.g., smoking cessation, weight loss, becoming more physically active) and/or pharmacological treatment with a target blood pressure (BP) of ≤135/85 mm Hg for adults (without/with) diabetes and ≤130/80 mm Hg for young adults (without/with) diabetes.
without
with
Young adults with ___ are encouraged to reduce dietary sodium intake to 2000 mg per day (5 g of salt or 87 mmol of sodium).
hypertension
___ risk factors: unhealthy diets, obesity, sedentary lifestyles.
Hypertensive
Canadians who self-report as Black, South Asian, socioeconomically disadvantaged, and those who live in Atlantic Canada have a (lower/higher) prevalence of hypertension.
higher
This syndrome includes the lethal risks of high lipid levels, insulin resistance, hypertension, and abdominal obesity.
Metabolic Syndrome (MetS)
A health disorder that, left untreated, greatly increases the risk of many chronic illnesses, including diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD).
Metabolic Syndrome (MetS)
Currently, ___% of Canadian adults aged 18 to 39 have the diagnostic combination of metabolic risk factors and the prevalence increases with age.
17
A unique evidence-informed lifestyle intervention that uses a team approach of family doctors, nurses, dietitians, and kinesiologists. Participants are encouraged to adhere to the Mediterranean diet, engage in physical activity, and other lifestyle interventions over a 1-year period. From the pilot project, most participants reduced their 10-year risk from cardiovascular disease (CVD) and 25% of participants demonstrated reversal of MetS at 12 months.
CHANGE Program
Approximately one in ___ Canadians are living with type 2 diabetes, either diagnosed or undiagnosed, or its precursor, referred to as prediabetes.
4
The number of Canadians living with diabetes is expected to (lower/rise) to one in three by 2020.
rise
Microvascular and macrovascular complications of ___: blindness, cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction, renal disease, depression, oral disease, nerve damage, and stroke.
diabetes
Its complications are associated with premature death.
Diabetes
It is estimated that ___2% of all deaths in Canada are attributable to diabetes and that people with diabetes are more likely to die prematurely than people without diabetes in every age group.
1
Lowers life expectancy by 5 to 11 years for adults.
Diabetes
In younger Canadians (aged 20 to 39), all-cause mortality rates were 4.2 to 5.8 times (lower/higher) among individuals with diabetes.
higher
___ peoples living in Canada are among the highest-risk populations for diabetes and related complications.
Indigenous
Particular attention is needed for Indigenous women and girls of child-bearing age as the high incidence of hyperglycemia in pregnancy, both gestational and type 2 diabetes, and maternal obesity increase the risk of childhood obesity and ___ in the next generation.
diabetes
The (fourth leading/leading) cause of death in individuals aged 18 to 34 are unintentional injuries, such as accidents, seat-belt use, alcohol and drug consumption, and possibly overdose.
leading
Suicide and self-inflicted injuries are the (second leading/leading) cause of death for Indigenous people up to 44 years of age.
leading
The prevalence of adverse behaviours associated with sudden death illustrates a developmental lack of ___ in young adults.
fear
Underuse of seat belts and helmets by motorcyclists and bicyclists is a cause of (few/many) accidental injuries and deaths.
many
In 2017, ___.3% of Canadian cyclists aged 18 to 24 reported always using a helmet, which increased to 44% for Canadians aged 25 to 49.
25
Helmet users were (less/more) likely to adopt other safety practices.
more
Adult vaccination rates remain (low/high).
low
Although Canada has one of the lowest rates of active tuberculosis (TB), Indigenous people and foreign-born Canadians account for more than ___% of new cases.
75
Risk factors of ___: overcrowding, inadequate sanitation, lack of access to fresh water, malnutrition, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, smoking, alcohol use, diabetes, and being immunocompromised.
Tuberculosis (TB)
In 2017, the rate of active tuberculosis (TB) has remained steady, at ___.9 per 100,000 population, while the rate among Indigenous people is much higher, at 21.5 per 100,000 population.
4
Canada is committed to meeting the World Health Organization (WHO) goal of less than ___ tuberculosis (TB) case per 100,000 by 2035.
1
Declined in young adults because of vaccination programs aimed at children, adolescents, and adults in high-risk groups, and use of personal protective equipment in health care settings.
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B infection rates among female Indigenous people were four times (lower/higher) than among non-Indigenous females, while infection rates for Indigenous males were almost twice the rate of non-Indigenous males.
higher
The most common mode of transmission of Hepatitis B.
Sexual
Hepatitis B ___ is recommended for high-risk populations such as healthcare workers, individuals with chronic liver or kidney disease, travellers to hepatitis B-endemic areas, or immunocompromised individuals.
vaccination
Approximately 250,000 Canadians are infected with the hepatitis (B/C) virus and individuals aged 25 to 39 are the second highest age group infected.
C
The individuals most at risk are those who have injected illicit drugs, are undergoing hemodialysis, and who are seropositive for viral hepatitis B or HIV.
Hepatitis C
Disproportionately affected populations include gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men, Indigenous people, and individuals from countries with high hepatitis C prevalence.
Hepatitis C
Affects 75% of sexually active men and women in their lifetime and the prevalence of infection is highest among 20- to 24-year-olds.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Spread through sexual contact, is responsible for almost all cervical cancers, and is linked to cancer of the throat, oral cavity, penis, anus, vagina, or vulva.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
___ vaccines are effective against HPV and its subtypes and are recommended for girls and women aged 9 to less than 27 years, including those who have had previous Pap test abnormalities, cervical cancer, or genital warts.
3
True or false: the HPV vaccination is also recommended for boys and men aged 9 to less than 27 years.
True
The HPV vaccine may also be given to women and men ___ years of age and older who are at ongoing risk of exposure to HPV.
27
Vaccination (prior to/after) onset of sexual activity and exposure to HPV is recommended to maximize the benefit of the vaccine.
prior to
Whooping cough:
pertussis.
Tdap:
tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis.
Adults younger than ___ years who have never received Tdap should substitute it for their next 10-year interval booster dose.
65
True or false: pertussis (whooping cough) vaccination is part of the original vaccine series offered to infants.
True
As it is now known that the antibody titre protection for pertussis diminishes with age, pertussis vaccination is recommended with the ___-year tetanus booster injection.
10
Regular physical activity increases muscle and bone strength, decreases body fat, aids in weight control, enhances well-being, and (reduces/increases) depression.
reduces
Optimally functioning ___ ___ ___ in the young adult allows adequate oxygen intake during normal activity and rest periods.
basal metabolic rate
An average woman needs to eat about ___ calories daily, while an average man needs ___ calories daily.
1800
2250
During the young adult years, caloric intake (decreases/increases) substantially, particularly in men.
increases
A progressive chronic disease that is characterized by abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that impairs health.
Obesity
Increased caloric intake without a corresponding increase in energy expenditure can lead to ___.
obesity
As a leading cause of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease (CVD), it is estimated that 1 in 10 premature deaths among Canadian adults aged 20 to 64 years is directly attributed to ___.
obesity
Among non-Indigenous Canadians, the prevalence of (overweight/obesity) was higher than among Indigenous people (34% vs. 30%) but lower for (overweight/obesity) (27% vs. 37%).
overweight
obesity
Adult Indigenous (females/males) had higher overweight prevalence than (females/males) (34.6% vs. 26.6%), but lower obesity prevalence (31.6% vs. 40.6%) .
males
females
Immigrants tend to have (lower/higher) rates of being overweight or obese.
lower
Whereas diet, medications, and ___ surgery may be advised for cases of severe obesity, these treatments must be evaluated for risks and benefits.
bariatric
Caloric intake and the intake of saturated and trans fats, cholesterol, added sugars, sodium, and alcohol should be (unlimited/limited).
limited
The composition of food prepared outside the home promotes weight (loss/gain).
gain
Residential geographic spaces, typically in urban settings, where low-income residents have limited or no access to retail food establishments with a sufficient variety of healthy foods at affordable cost.
Food Desert
Nurses and other health providers can investigate weight problems by measuring waist ___, blood pressure (BP), cholesterol levels, and activity levels rather than using weight alone.
circumference
Assessments of weight and height are used to calculate ___.
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Individuals with a BMI of ___ kg/m2 or less (male waist size of less than 102 cm, female waist size of less than 88 cm) have the least risk of developing health problems and should have weight-maintenance teaching.
25
Individuals with a BMI of ___ kg/m2 or greater who have tried diets and exercise may be considered for weight-reducing medications.
30
A BMI of 35 to ___ kg/m2 or above may meet the criteria for bariatric surgery.
40
Proper nutrition is particularly necessary for the young adult female during the child-bearing years. The factors contributing to ___ deficiency in this age group are regular loss of blood (during menses) and pregnancy.
iron
Health Canada recommends that all women of child-bearing age take a supplement of 0.4 mg ___ acid every day.
folic
A B vitamin found in dark green leafy vegetables, fruits, nuts, beans, dairy products, meat, grains, and eggs.
Folic Acid
Reduces the risk of fetal neural tube defects (NTDs), including spina bifida.
Folic Acid
The supplementation period should begin ideally before conception, or at least ___ months before pregnancy, and continue for the duration of breastfeeding.
3
Although the rate of children born with neural tube defects (NTD) has significantly decreased since the promotion of folic acid supplementation, at least ___% of North American women of childbearing age do not have sufficient folate intake to protect their offspring from neural tube defects (NTDs) optimally.
25
Most adolescents and adult women fail to meet their ___ requirements, placing them at risk of osteoporosis and bone fractures in later life.
calcium
True or false: low calcium intake is a direct result of low milk consumption related to soft drink ingestion.
True
Eating disorders (anorexia and bulimia) typically begin at an (earlier/later) stage of development.
earlier
The risk of colon cancer is (low/high) in this age group.
low
Nurses can counsel young adults on the benefits of drinking adequate amounts of fluid and eating fruits and vegetables, which are sources of ___, to promote normal bowel activity.
fibre
A factor predisposing to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and obesity.
Inactivity
The Canadian Society For Exercise Physiology (CSEP) recommends muscle- and bone-strengthening activities at least ___ days a week.
2
Recently, ___4% of Canadians aged 18 to 34 self-reported 150 minutes of physical activity per week. However, in a 2017 survey, only 16% of monitored Canadian adults met the recommended physical activity guidelines.
6
Sun-blocking agents reduce sunburn or other skin damage, with the goal of lowering the risk of skin ___.
cancer
A measure of the effectiveness of various sunscreen preparations and is measured by Health Canada.
Sun Protecting Factor (SPF) Index
For example, a rating of SPF ___ means the sunscreen blocks 97% of ultraviolet B (UVB) rays, while a rating of SPF 50 blocks 98% of UVB rays.
30
The best protection is achieved by application of broad-spectrum, water-resistant agents 15 to 30 minutes before exposure and then reapplying every 15 to ___ minutes during exposure to the sun.
30
Identify the following Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and their causation agent.
Identify the following Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) - Bacterial/Other STIs.
