Edelman & Kudzma (2021) pp. 295 - 313

Question 1

An exaggerated inward curve of the spine.

Answer 1

Lumbar lordosis

Question 2

A slow, steady growth in height of ___ to 10 centimetres per year and in weight of 1.5 to ___ kilograms per year occurs during toddlerhood, and growth remains steady until puberty.

Answer 2

5

2.5

Question 3

This age group has a protuberant abdomen, accentuated by a lumbar lordosis, and a characteristic gait, in which their feet are planted wide apart and appear flat due to an extra fat pad in the instep for stability.

Answer 3

Toddler

Question 4

True or false: birth weight usually quadruples by [f × 2] years of age, and the toddler’s height at age 2 years is approximately 50% of the final adult height.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Used to determine the parameters within which an individual toddler’s growth lies for head circumference, height, and weight.

Answer 5

Growth Chart

Question 6

The anterior fontanelle usually closes by 18 months, the skull begins to thicken, and by ___ months it is 80% of its adult size.

Answer 6

24

Question 7

The daily excretion of urine for the 2-year-old child is 500 to 600 mL, increasing to ___ mL for the 3-year-old child.

Answer 7

750

Question 8

Comes later and begins after 18 to 24 months, when the toddler first becomes physiologically able to control the bladder.

Answer 8

Full Bladder Control

Question 9

Bowel control usually occurs (before/after) urinary control.

Answer 9

before

Question 10

The toddler tends to need meals and snacks (less/more) frequently than an older child or adult.

Answer 10

more

Question 11

The toddler’s gastro-intestinal tract also reaches functional maturity, although continues to grow into (preschool/adulthood).

Answer 11

adulthood

Question 12

Lung capacity continues to increase as the toddler grows, and the respiratory rate decreases from a mean of 30 breaths per minute at 1 year of age to 25 breaths per minute at (2/3) years.

Answer 12

3

Question 13

The diameter of the toddler’s upper respiratory tract is (small/big) compared with that of an older child or adult.

Answer 13

small

Question 14

The proximal anatomy of the ear, eustachian tube, and nasal pharynx continue to resemble those of the infant more closely than those of the adult, continuing the risk of this.

Answer 14

Otitis media

Question 15

The tonsils and adenoids remain proportionately (small/large) during the toddler years.

Answer 15

large

Question 16

Regulation of growth during early childhood remains one of the most important functions of this body system.

Answer 16

Endocrine

Question 17

The toddler’s heart rate ranges from 80 to ___ beats per minute, and the mean blood pressure is 90/56 mmHg.

Answer 17

120

Question 18

Changes in the circulatory system include a (decrease/increase) in heart rate, an increase in blood pressure, and a change in vascular resistance in response to growth in the size of various blood vessel lumens.

Answer 18

decrease

Question 19

The capillary beds gradually increase their capacity to respond to heat and cold in the environment, providing the toddler with more effective ___.

Answer 19

thermoregulation

Question 20

As toddlers expand their worlds through playgroups and daycare centres, exposure to new and different organisms is greatly (decreased/increased).

Answer 20

increased

Question 21

Passive immunity to communicable disease acquired through transfer of maternal antibodies during fetal life has disappeared, and active immunity through the initial immunization series is usually completed by the age of ___ months.

Answer 21

18

Question 22

All ___ primary or deciduous teeth erupt by the end of toddlerhood.

Answer 22

20

Question 23

A mature swallowing pattern, using the tongue rather than the cheeks, has not yet developed, and toddlers continue to be at risk of this.

Answer 23

Choking

Question 24

Toddlers who are mouth, rather than nose, breathers because of ongoing respiratory illness or allergies may have an underdeveloped ___ arch.

Answer 24

palatal

Question 25

During this period, as during infancy, the use of muscle tissues is the primary stimulus for (decreased/increased) size and strength for gross and later fine motor movement.

Answer 25

increased

Question 26

Toothpaste should contain supplemental ___ if not in the water supply.

Answer 26

fluoride

Question 27

The first visit to the dentist should occur at ___ months of age.

Answer 27

12

Question 28

Brush teeth daily using non-fluoridated toothpaste for toddlers aged 1 to 2 years. Fluoride toothpaste may be introduced between 3 and ___ years of age.

Answer 28

4

Question 29

Limit intake of foods high in ___ because they contribute to dental caries.

Answer 29

sugar

Question 30

___ delays are often not diagnosed during infancy because the subtle language, motor, or cognitive deficiencies do not interfere with the expected performance and behaviour of the infant as they do with those of the more actively developing toddler.

Answer 30

Developmental

Question 31

True of false: most genetic syndromes and disease entities are diagnosed either during the prenatal period or during infancy. However, some genetic syndromes and diseases are not detected until the toddler years or even later.

Answer 31

True

Question 32

Eruption (and Shedding) of Primary Teeth

Answer 32

Question 33

WHO

Answer 33

World Health Organization

Question 34

A national association of paediatricians.

Answer 34

Canadian Paediatric Society

Question 35

Breast milk from birth to ___ months.

Answer 35

6

Question 36

After ___ months of age, toddlers should not consume more than 500 mL to 720 mL (16 to 24 ounces) of milk each day, as any more would cause the child to feel full from the milk and refuse solid foods.

Answer 36

12

Question 37

There is an increased risk that a toddler may develop ___-deficiency anemia if more than the recommended daily amounts of milk are consumed.

Answer 37

iron

Question 38

The introduction of solid foods should begin at approximately ___ months of age.

Answer 38

6

Question 39

If parents want to give a bottle at bedtime, it should contain only this.

Answer 39

Water

Question 40

Toddlers should be offered water instead of juice for thirst and between meals and snacks. Juice (if served) should be limited to ___ mL daily.

Answer 40

125

Question 41

A decrease in the growth rate during toddlerhood results in a decrease in appetite. Parental health teaching should include maintaining a daily ___ kept over a 3- to 5-day period, as it presents a better picture of a child’s intake and is a useful teaching tool for this age group.

Answer 41

record

Question 42

(Impulsiveness is /routines are) important to toddlers. Serve (random/scheduled) meals and snacks.

Answer 42

routines are

scheduled

Question 43

Parents should not focus too much attention on food intake or punish children for refusing food. Toddlers may learn how easily parents can be controlled by their behaviour around food intake and may then continue the behaviour for the ___ alone.

Answer 43

attention

Question 44

Serve (small/big) portions and let your toddler ask for more.

Answer 44

small

Question 44

Drinking more than 700 mL of ___ per day can reduce your child’s appetite for other healthy foods.

Answer 44

milk

Question 45

Encourage the use of utensils and (decline / accept) that toddlers still often need to use their fingers.

Answer 45

accept

Question 46

For those younger than ___ years, do not use reduced-fat, low-fat, or fat-free (skim) milk because children younger than this need the extra fat for their developing nervous systems.

Answer 46

2

Question 47

The researchers note that this diet might be beneficial in asthma development because it might have the ability to counteract oxidative stress that occurs in the respiratory tract.

Answer 47

Mediterranean

Question 48

Emotional and physiological readiness for toilet training (rarely/usually) develops before 18 months of age.

Answer 48

rarely

Question 49

Parents who begin this before their child is ready usually experience frustration.

Answer 49

Toilet Training

Question 50

Interest in and awareness of bowel and urinary elimination usually begin by ___ months of age.

Answer 50

18

Question 51

Remember that daytime dryness is usually achieved by ___ years of age and ahead of night-time dryness, where the need to wear a diaper remains.

Answer 51

3

Question 52

Before beginning toilet training, parents should check their toddlers for the prerequisite skills, which include being able to walk well, stoop and recover, stay dry for at least ___ hours during the day, and communicate sensation before elimination, as well as the discomfort of wet or messy pants and the need for assistance.

Answer 52

2

Question 53

Should provide secure seating with the child’s feet touching the floor.

Answer 53

Potty Chair

Question 54

Encourage the toddler to stay on the chair for 2 to ___ minutes and always explain what to do (“go potty”) rather than what not to do (“don’t wet your pants”). Do not refer to elimination as dirty or yucky. Remember this is your child’s first creation.

Answer 54

3

Question 55

The CPS recommends ___ minutes of physical activity throughout the day for children aged 1 to 2 years.

Answer 55

180

Question 56

For children aged 3 to 4 years, ___ minutes of energetic play is recommended.

Answer 56

60

Question 57

This is when children play side by side, doing similar things with similar toys, but each working independently.

Answer 57

Parallel Play

Question 58

Toddlers spend most of their waking hours at play-exploring their expanding environment, imitating others’ actions, and creating a safety net of ___ around the routines of eating, sleeping, and everything in between.

Answer 58

rituals

Question 59

The CPS recommends no screen time, including television, videos, tablets (iPads), and computers, for children younger than 2 years; and for children aged 2 to 5 years, recommends less than ___ hour daily.

Answer 59

1

Question 60

Toddlers’ need for sleep decreases to ___ hours a day, including one or two naps of shorter duration.

Answer 60

12

Question 61

Following these is important because the toddler gets a sense of security when ending the day.

Answer 61

Rituals

Question 62

Usually occur 2 to 3 hours after falling asleep when sleep moves from the deepest stage of non-REM (non-rapid eye movement) sleep to light REM sleep.

Answer 62

Night Terrors

Question 63

Begin at a later age and result in the child awakening and being able to recall the frightening dream.

Answer 63

Nightmare

Question 64

The child who experiences these does not waken completely, but cries out, appears terrified, and is difficult to arouse.

Answer 64

Night Terrors

Question 65

Toddlers begin toddlerhood in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage of cognitive development and start moving to the ___ stage.

Answer 65

preoperational

Question 66

The toddler’s advancing thought-processing skills and abilities to use the language precede the development of this inability to put oneself in another’s shoes.

Answer 66

Egocentrism

Question 67

Toddler’s assuming that their parents and all others share the same thoughts and cannot understand why they do not is an example of this.

Answer 67

Egocentrism

Question 68

Both receptive and expressive language skills are developing rapidly in toddlers; however, their (receptive/expressive) language skills far outweigh their (receptive/expressive) language ability.

Answer 68

receptive

expressive

Question 69

Changing the tone or pitch of our voice when we are speaking in order to convey a more precise meaning for our words or provide insight about how we are feeling.

Answer 69

Inflection

Question 70

Often use these until words are found to represent the meanings already acquired.

Answer 70

Gestures

Question 71

Often frustrated by their limited repertoire of expressive language (approximately ___ words), young toddlers default to using “no” as a method of gaining control over a situation or expressing themselves.

Answer 71

400

Question 72

By age ___ years, children have mastered the basics of language function, form, and content, and these fundamentals will continue to be refined throughout childhood and adolescence.

Answer 72

3

Question 73

Toddlers have a solid understanding of this and are no longer easily distracted when a desired toy, blanket, or parent is missing.

Answer 73

Object Permanence

Question 74

Defined as pervasive neuro-developmental disorders with onset in infancy or childhood and characterized by impaired social interactions, language, and communications, combined with restricted and repetitive behaviours, interests, or activities.

Answer 74

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)

Question 75

ASD

Answer 75

Autism Spectrum Disorders

Question 76

Signs of ASD typically appear in (early/late) childhood.

Answer 76

early

Question 77

Boys are diagnosed with ASD four to five time (less/more) frequently than girls.

Answer 77

more

Question 78

This involves the principle that positive reinforcement increases the frequency of the desired behaviour.

Answer 78

Applied Behaviour Analysis

Question 79

Includes attending to what is heard, discriminating among the various qualities of sound, cognitively associating what is heard with previously learned experiences, and remembering what is heard.

Answer 79

Listening

Question 80

One of the most common conditions present at birth.

Answer 80

Hearing Loss

Question 81

The Canadian Paediatric Society recommends that all ___ receive hearing screening to ensure early diagnosis and intervention, with reassessment for all children who experience developmental or learning difficulties.

Answer 81

newborns

Question 82

If undetected during early infancy, even mild ___ ___ can impede speech, language, cognitive, and emotional development.

Answer 82

hearing loss

Question 83

Stimulus tones and visually animated reinforcers (e.g., a lighted toy) are paired and presented together. After the toddler has been conditioned to expect this relationship, the visual reinforcer is withheld, and the sound is presented alone. The toddler looks for the visual reinforcer in response to the sound, and the visual reinforcer is then presented as a reward.

Answer 83

Visual-Reinforcement Audiometry

Question 84

Used for older toddlers and preschool children. The child is first taught to play listening games, using blocks or rings. The child learns to wait and listen for a sound and then perform a motor task (e.g., places a block, a bucket, or a ring on a stacking stick) in response. The motor task is followed by social reinforcement.

Answer 84

Conditioned-Play Audiometry

Question 85

Middle ear infection.

Answer 85

Otitis Media

Question 86

One of the leading causes of visits to health care providers during the toddler years and the primary reason for which antibiotics are prescribed for these children.

Answer 86

Otitis Media

Question 87

Toddlers’ visual acuity is usually approximately 20/___, although gaining their cooperation for screening is often difficult and not recommended unless parents, caregivers, or health care providers identify a concern.

Answer 87

40

Question 88

The ability to see things in three dimensions (including length, width, and depth), and to judge how far away an object is.

Answer 88

Depth Perception

Question 89

One of the major healthcare concerns for this age group, occurring in two to four of every 100 children.

Answer 89

Amblyopia

Question 90

It is defined as diminished, or loss of, vision in an eye that has not received adequate use.

Answer 90

Amblyopia

Question 91

Depth perception in toddlers is (immature/mature).

Answer 91

immature

Question 92

A deviation of the line of vision from the midline that results from extraocular muscle weakness or imbalance and is commonly referred to as crossed eye.

Answer 92

Strabismus

Question 93

The eye looks normal, but it is not being used normally because the brain favours the other eye.

Answer 93

Amblyopia

Question 94

‘Lazy eye’.

Answer 94

Amblyopia

Question 95

The most common cause of amblyopia.

Answer 95

Strabismus

Question 96

True or false: amblyopia is preventable and treatable.

Answer 96

True

Question 97

It is strongly recommended that children have their eyes examined at the following times: between ___ and 9 months, between ___ and 5 years, and yearly after starting school.

Answer 97

6

2

Question 98

‘Crossed eye’.

Answer 98

Strabismus

Question 99

Swelling at the edge of the eyelid.

Answer 99

Stye

Question 100

Many of our adult eating habits, food likes and dislikes, and visceral responses to odours have their roots in this period.

Answer 100

Toddler

Question 101

Continued dependency has the potential to create a sense of ___ in toddlers about their ability to take control of, and ultimately take responsibility for, their own actions.

Answer 101

doubt

Question 102

A typical toddler response to frustration.

Answer 102

Temper Tantrum

Question 103

This allows the toddler to be in charge and the task of bathing to be achieved.

Answer 103

Choice

Question 104

Do not offer a choice if there is not one. For example, rather than asking if the toddler wants to take a bath, say “it is time to take a bath. Do you want to take it upstairs or downstairs, or do you want to start at the face and move down to the toes or start with the toes and wash the face last?” This allows the toddler to be in ___ and the task of bathing to be achieved.

Answer 104

charge

Question 105

If temper tantrums occur, provide a safe environment for the toddler, identify the tantrum’s cause, and help the toddler regain ___. Do not reason, threaten, promise, hit, or concede. Respond consistently and follow through on discipline free of anger. Over-criticizing and restricting the toddler may dampen enthusiasm and increase feelings of shame and doubt.

Answer 105

control

Question 106

Return to a former or less developed state.

Answer 106

Regress

Question 107

Toddlers are usually trying to retain or regain a sense of mastery and, once reassured, will progress through this stage.

Answer 107

Regress

Question 108

Discipline and ___ settings refers to action taken to enforce established rules of acceptable behaviour.

Answer 108

limit

Question 109

The toddler years have the greatest incidence of child maltreatment with at least 1 in 7 children experiencing child ___ and/or neglect each year, with 27% of nonfatal cases reported for children aged 3 years or younger and 70% of deaths from child maltreatment occurring in children younger than 3 years.

Answer 109

abuse

Question 110

Warning signs of ___ ___.

Answer 110

child abuse

Question 111

True or false: the nurse encourages parents to approach this curiosity and exploration, as well as masturbation, as a normal developmental process.

Answer 111

True

Question 112

This process, during which attention is focused on the genital area, may precipitate the toddler’s curiosity about genital organs.

Answer 112

Toileting

Question 113

Using (cute/correct) terms will help toddlers develop accurate knowledge about sexuality and communicate more effectively if inappropriate touching by others occurs.

Answer 113

correct

Question 114

Refers to the emotional and behavioural responses to the environment and others across situations, especially those involving change or stress.

Answer 114

Temperament

Question 115

Two other temperament patterns other than ‘easy’ are the ‘___’ child; and the ‘___-to-warm-up’ child.

Answer 115

difficult

slow

Question 116

This child’s temperament is cuddly, affectionate, and easy to manage.

Answer 116

Easy

Question 117

This child’s temperament is less adaptable, intense and active, and negative in mood.

Answer 117

Difficult

Question 118

Generally accepted as inborn but can be influenced by environmental characteristics and exerts an influence on psychosocial adjustment by way of its effect on parent-child interactions.

Answer 118

Temperament

Question 119

A toddler’s innate behavioural qualities.

Answer 119

Temperament

Question 120

Through this model, adults can accommodate their demands and expectations in ways that match the child’s behaviours, including learning strategies to help toddlers adapt positively to social expectations.

Answer 120

Goodness-of-Fit Interactive Model of Temperament

Question 121

These typically include new siblings, babysitters, daycare, toilet training, parental limit-setting, and an endless string of tasks involving skills toddlers have yet to develop.

Answer 121

Stressors

Question 122

An important aspect of teaching young children what is right and wrong involves stating what acceptable behaviour is and then ___ the behaviour when it occurs.

Answer 122

reinforcing

Question 123

When parents do not reward the toddler or punish the sibling, or when they do not take sides, the gain is missing and fighting becomes (less/more) satisfactory.

Answer 123

less

Question 124

Gordon’s Functional Health Patterns

Answer 124

Question 125

Growth and Development Landmarks of Speech, Language, and Hearing Ability During the Toddler Period

Answer 125

Question 126

Predictable and preventable and can cause disabilities requiring long-term care.

Answer 126

Injuries

Question 127

They can cause more deaths than all childhood diseases combined.

Answer 127

Injuries

Question 128

The leading cause of death and morbidity among Canadian children.

Answer 128

Injuries (unintentional)

Question 129

Involves falls, drownings, threats to breathing, motor vehicle and non-motor vehicle land transportation, fire, and poisoning.

Answer 129

Injuries (accidental)

Question 130

Primary injury in children from 1 to 4 years of age.

Answer 130

Motor Vehicle

Question 131

Improper installation and use of these is widespread problems, with some experts reporting that more than 72% of them are misused in some way.

Answer 131

Child Safety Seats

Question 132

___-facing child safety seat supports a young child’s head, neck, and spine, helping to reduce stress to the neck and spinal cord in a crash.

Answer 132

Rear

Question 133

When children outgrow their rear-facing seat and weigh at least ___ kg, the nurse confirms with the parents that they can switch to forward-facing child safety seats.

Answer 133

10

Question 134

These seats have a built-in harness for enhanced protection during sudden stops or collisions.

Answer 134

Forward-Facing Child Safety Seats

Question 135

Booster seats are recommended for children who weigh at least ___ kg.

Answer 135

18

Question 136

All children younger than ___ years should be seated in the rear seat.

Answer 136

12

Question 137

Happens 10 times more often among young children aged 1 to 4 years than in their older counterparts.

Answer 137

Poisoning

Question 138

The Public Health Agency of Canada estimates an average of ___ deaths each year from unintentional poisoning, with an additional 900 children hospitalized with serious injuries.

Answer 138

3

Question 139

These incidents are likely to occur in the kitchen, bathroom, bedroom, or work area, and are usually discovered by the parent or caretaker who finds an open or empty container or a half-eaten leaf or other substance.

Answer 139

Poisonings

Question 140

Each of these centres is part of a nationwide effort to provide immediate information about poisonings.

Answer 140

Poison Control

Question 141

Parents should not attempt to induce ___ without specific instructions from the centre.

Answer 141

vomiting

Question 142

Environmental Processes

Answer 142

Question 143

Child maltreatment-reporting laws, under the jurisdiction of provincial and territorial governments, provide protection for a child or developmentally disabled adult, define abuse and neglect, require that a report be made to a designated ___ in the case of actual or ___ abuse or neglect, and define the responsibility of the protecting agency.

Answer 143

agency

suspected