Edelman & Kudzma (2021) p. 433 - 461 / Middle-Adult

Question 1

‘Sandwich Generation’.

Answer 1

Middle-Adult

Question 2

Middle adulthood spans a 30-year interval between ___ and ___ years of age.

Answer 2

35

65

Question 3

Vital statistics reports published by Statistics Canada divide middle-aged adults into ___ categories to easily describe mortality and morbidity data.

Answer 3

6

Question 4

This age group (30-year span) comprises ___% of the population of Canada.

Answer 4

40

Question 5

The hair of the adult begins to thin and turn ___.

Answer 5

grey

Question 6

The skin’s moisture and turgor (decrease/increase), and with the loss of subcutaneous fat, wrinkling occurs.

Answer 6

decrease

Question 7

Excessive sun exposure through the years makes some changes more pronounced, especially (decreased/increased) coarseness of facial features.

Answer 7

increased

Question 8

Fat deposition (decreases/increases) during these years, often with concomitant (decreases/increases) in weight.

Answer 8

increases x2

Question 9

Body height (decreases/increases) due to (decreased/increased) bone density and mass.

Answer 9

decreases

decreased

Question 10

The combination of changes results in (decreased/increased) body mass index (BMI).

Answer 10

increased

Question 11

Sedentary lifestyles and unchanged dietary habits (do not contribute/contribute) considerably to these changes.

Answer 11

contribute

Question 12

The inactive lifestyle is further compromised by a (decrease/increase) in energy; “I’m not as young as I used to be” is a common remark. This proclamation is (illegitimate/legitimate) because the capacity for physical work (decreases/is constant).

Answer 12

decrease

legitimate

stays the same

Question 13

As functional aerobic capacity (decreases/increases), there is a resulting (decrease/increase) in cardiac output.

Answer 13

decreases

decrease

Question 14

For individuals who maintain regular exercise programs that stretch and strengthen skeletal muscle, ___ output remains undiminished for many years.

Answer 14

cardiac

Question 15

A ___.___- to ___-cm loss in height occurs as a person ages; thinning of the intervertebral discs accounts for approximately 2.5 cm.

Answer 15

2.5

10

Question 16

Dramatic losses in height (more than 10 cm) can occur with in this condition.

Answer 16

Thoracic Kyphosis

Question 17

An angulation of the posterior spine (commonly known as ‘hunchback’).

Answer 17

Thoracic Kyphosis

Question 18

The general (decrease/increase) in muscle tone (reduces/increases) physical agility.

Answer 18

decrease

reduces

Question 19

Degenerative joint disease, specifically ___, has its peak onset in middle age and can greatly influence activity and endurance, which impacts employment.

Answer 19

osteoarthritis

Question 20

Most frequently, the knees and hands, followed by the hips, spine, shoulders, and ankles, are involved.

Answer 20

Osteoarthritis

Question 21

A condition of subnormally mineralized bone, usually as a result of a rate of bone lysis that exceeds the rate of bone matrix synthesis.

Answer 21

Osteopenia

Question 22

A disorder characterized by abnormal loss of bone density and deterioration of bone tissue, with increased fracture risk.

Answer 22

Osteoporosis

Question 23

Occurs most frequently in postmenopausal women with fair complexions that are small, sedentary individuals, and people using corticosteroids on a long-term basis.

Answer 23

Osteoporosis

Question 24

Osteoporosis (decreases/increases) with age.

Answer 24

increases

Question 25

The decreased functional capacity of the ___ ___ organ system is responsible for acid indigestion with increased belching.

Answer 25

gastrointestinal tract

Question 26

When the adult leads (a sedentary/an active) lifestyle, the effects of diminished motility through the gastrointestinal tract can be more pronounced.

Answer 26

a sedentary

Question 27

It is well known that North Americans eat (less/more) refined foods (foods that are low in bulk) than residents of developing nations.

Answer 27

more

Question 28

A low-___ diet can contribute to the problem of constipation.

Answer 28

bulk

Question 29

A change in bowel habits characterized by decreased frequency or passage of hard, drier stools and difficult defecation and believed to be a primary contributor to the increased incidence of colon cancer in Canada.

Answer 29

Constipation

Question 30

Between ages 25 and 85, a ___5% loss of nephron units occurs. The remaining nephrons increase in size and undergo degenerative changes—the entire weight of the kidneys (decreases/increases). Because blood supply is also diminished, the glomerular filtration rate is decreased by nearly (a quarter/half).

Answer 30

3

decreases

half

Question 31

Significant changes occur in the cardiovascular system as the blood vessels (lose/gain) elasticity and become (thinner/thicker).

Answer 31

lose

thicker

Question 32

Thickening of the ___ ___ predisposes middle-aged adults to coronary artery disease, hypertension, myocardial infarctions, and strokes.

Answer 32

blood vessels

Question 33

Heart disease is the (first/second) leading cause of death in middle-aged adults.

Answer 33

second

Question 34

The cessation of menses.

Answer 34

Menopause

Question 35

It is an expected physiological change related to aging and marks the end of a woman’s reproductive function.

Answer 35

Menopause

Question 36

Menopause is determined retrospectively after cessation of menses for ___ consecutive months.

Answer 36

12

Question 37

In North America the median age for menopause is ___.5 to ___.4 years.

Answer 37

50

51

Question 38

Women now expect to live one-(third/half) of their lives after menopause.

Answer 38

third

Question 39

A gateway to second adulthood.

Answer 39

Menopause

Question 40

A time of personal inventiveness while gradually adapting to the many expected biological, psychological, social, and spiritual changes of menopause.

Answer 40

Menopause

Question 41

During menopause, ovarian estrogen and progesterone production ceases; the ___ glands produce the remaining estrogen.

Answer 41

adrenal

Question 42

As a result of the diminished ___ level, a woman’s secondary sex characteristics regress, evident as, for example, loss of pubic hair and decrease in breast size.

Answer 42

estrogen

Question 43

The female reproductive organs shrink, and vaginal secretions decrease, requiring additional ___.

Answer 43

lubrication

Question 44

As men approach the end of the middle years, they experience changes in their sexual response cycle as ___ levels plateau and decrease.

Answer 44

testosterone

Question 45

The testes undergo degenerative changes, the number of viable ___atozoa diminishes, and the volume and viscosity of semen decrease.

Answer 45

sperm

Question 46

In men, sexual energy gradually declines; achieving an erection takes longer, but it is sustained longer. ___, however, can significantly diminish function.

Answer 46

Stress