Edelman & Kudzma (2021) p. 346 - 375 / School-Age Flashcards
School-Age
School Age: age range between ___ - ___ years.
6
12
Children grow (physically) (slower/faster) during this period as compared with growth during infancy and adolescence.
slower
School-age children have an overall (slimmer/plumper) appearance as compared with preschool children.
slimmer
Match the gross motor development of the school-age child with the corresponding age.
Match the fine motor development of the school-age child with the corresponding age.
Before ___ years of age, children use the diaphragm as the primary breathing muscle.
6
After ___ years of age, thoracic muscles develop, and the respiratory rate slows to 14 to 24 breaths per minute.
6
True or false: most body systems reach an adult level of function during the school-age years.
True
After age ___ years, head growth slows until puberty.
5
The time the head and brain reach adult circumference measurements (53–54 cm; 21 inches).
Puberty
The heart slowly (shrinks/grows) in size.
grows
The heart rate (slows/accelerates) to an average rate of 60 to 160 beats per minute, approaching that of an adult.
slows
Mean blood pressure is (lower/higher) in this age group and is dependent on age, height, weight, and sex.
lower
The gastrointestinal system is maturing with (decreased/increased) stomach capacity, resulting in (less/more) need for snacks and (decreased/increased) calorie needs as compared with the preschooler.
increased
less
decreased
The gastrointestinal system is maturing with (decreased/increased) stomach capacity, resulting in (less/more) need for snacks and (decreased/increased) calorie needs as compared with the preschooler.
increased
less
decreased
Bladder capacity (decreases/increases).
increases
The ___ system is better able to produce an antibody-antigen response.
immune
By puberty, the endocrine system (with the exception of ___ function) approaches adult capacity and function.
reproductive
Elevated blood pressure.
Hypertension
True or false: hypertension often begins in childhood.
True
Blood pressure is measured every ___-___ years between the ages of 6 and 13 years old.
1
2
In Canada, the prevalence of hypertension in children is ___-___% and is associated with obesity and sedentary activity patterns.
1
2
Hypertension in children is defined as a systolic or diastolic blood pressure at the ___th percentile for age, height, and sex, measured on at least ___ separate occasions.
95
3
Dependent on age, height, weight, and sex.
Blood Pressure
The strongest effect on blood pressure in obese children.
Body Mass Index (BMI)
BMI
Body Mass Index
Height, weight, and ___ should be measured and calculated for all children during routine health visits.
BMI
Height and weight growth velocities assume a (slower/faster) pace as compared with earlier years of growth.
slower
The school-age child gains approximately ___ cm (___ inches) in height per year until puberty.
5
2
A time at which growth rates increase.
Puberty
The school-age child gains approximately ___ to ___ kg (___-___ lbs) in weight per year until puberty.
2, 3
4.4, 6.6
Correlates with body fat and has been linked to future obesity and poor health in children.
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Continues to increase through childhood and adolescence.
Body Mass Index (BMI)
BMI for age is recommended for screening children greater than ___ years of age to identify individuals who are potentially underweight, overweight, or obese.
2
Children with intellectual, developmental, genetic, or other disorders often have growth patterns that are (different from/similar to) healthy children.
different from
Indigenous children tend to be slightly (smaller/larger) and Asian Canadian children tend to be somewhat (smaller/larger) than their counterparts of European descent, as plotted on growth charts that are believed to be standardized for various ethnic groups
larger
smaller
A pre-adolescent increase in height and weight tends to occur at approximately ___ years of age in girls and ___ years of age in boys.
10
12
Girls tend to mature, enter puberty, and stop growing (earlier/later) than boys.
earlier
From birth, girls tend to have more ___ than boys, and after puberty, girls have a greater percentage of body weight derived from ___.
fat x2
Has a direct correlation to puberty onset in girls, yet conversely relates to a delayed pubertal onset in boys.
Adiposity
When one is assessing a child’s height, weight, and BMI, and before referring to standardized growth charts, the height of the child’s ___ must be taken into consideration.
family
The average age of menarche is at approximately ___ years in Canadian girls.
12.7
Although the school-age child experiences numerous physical changes before adolescence, changes in three physical areas are of particular interest: ___ development, ___ tissue, and ___ skills development.
oral
lymphoid
motor
School-age children begin shedding their first teeth when they are approximately ___ to ___ years of age, and the process is complete with the loss of the second molars at ___ to___ years of age.
6, 7
11, 13
The first permanent teeth, the ___-year molars, erupt at ___ to ___ years of age and continue to erupt until the third molars (wisdom teeth) appear at approximately 17 to 22 years of age.
6
6, 7
The child aged between 6 and 13 years loses and gains approximately ___ teeth per year.
4
A 13-year-old child should have ___ teeth, having lost 20 deciduous teeth.
28
Girls tend to experience (earlier/later) permanent tooth eruption than do boys.
earlier
An unacceptable relationship of the teeth in one jaw to those in the other.
Malocclusion
A 2010 Canadian Health Measures Survey reported that 57% of Canadian children aged 6 to 11 years have had a cavity, and rates of dental cavities among children 2 to 4 years of age is (decreasing/increasing).
increasing
The amount of lymphoid tissue of a child up to ___ years of age often exceeds that of an adult .
10
Tonsils that appear pathologically enlarged to a parent can be (abnormal/normal) for the child’s age.
normal
Additional lymphoid tissue during the school-age period generally helps this group to have a stronger ___ response than do younger and older children.
immune
Lymph tissue grows rapidly throughout childhood, reaching maximal size before ___, after which it begins to decrease in size, most likely as a result of changes in the concentrations of sex hormones.
puberty
The amount of lymphoid tissue of a child is most often reflected in the size of the ___.
tonsils
With maturation of the nervous system by age ___ or ___ years, the brain’s two hemispheres articulate to allow the child more control over and coordination with motor tasks.
7, 8
The child grows taller because of lengthening of the long bones that continues into ___.
adolescence
Replacement of cartilage with bone.
Ossification
Ossification occurs throughout childhood but is not complete until ___.
adulthood
Overweight children typically have (lesser/greater) bone density as compared with their normal-weight peers.
greater
Overweight children have (less/more) joint and muscle pain than their normal weight counterparts.
more
Overweight children are (less/more) likely to experience bone fractures.
more
During the school-age years, physically active boys are slightly stronger than girls, but this difference is not significant until ___.
adolescence
Health-promoting behaviours taught at school and home must meet the school-age child’s cognitive level (___ operation) and moral level (external rules and forces) to be effective.
concrete
Addresses the development of children’s intellectual organization and how they think, reason, perceive, and make meaning of the physical world.
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development:
Concrete Operations (___ to ___ years of age).
7, 11
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development: Concrete Operations (7 to 11 Years of Age)
Fill in the blanks.
True or false: most school-age children perceive symptoms and show an ability to participate in health-promoting behaviours.
True
School-age children’s understanding of illness is directly correlated with their ___ development and follows a direct sequence of developmental stages.
cognitive
When specifically asked about their ideas on causes of illness, school-age children usually state the germ theory, the ___ theory, or the external forces theory.
punishment
Theory children have where they believe that a misdeed or misbehaviour caused their illnesses.
Punishment Theory
Comparison of the Developmental Theories of Erikson, Freud, Kohlberg, Sullivan, and Piaget.
Match the theory to the corresponding descriptions.
Many younger school-age children know that ___ play a role in illness, but they have a limited understanding of how ___ work.
germs x2
___ children in planning and packing healthy lunches and snacks teaches them how to make good choices, improves their food skills, and makes children feel a part of the process.
Involving
School-age children often eat foods low in iron, calcium, and vitamin C, and foods that have a higher ___ and sodium content than foods their parents ate when they were this age.
fat
Role-playing, reading age-appropriate books, and ___ of health-promotion behaviours (e.g., washing hands) may also help children make the link between behaviour and improved health.
modelling
The rates of unhealthy weights among children have (lowered/risen) steadily in recent decades, with 30% of children aged 5–17 years in Canada being overweight or obese today.
risen
Access to food, the influence of mass media, and busy contemporary lifestyles play a role in ___ food choices.
poor
Bans advertising certain foods and drinks to children under 13 years to reduce obesity rates.
Child Health Protection Act
True or false: children are more sedentary than ever with the widespread use of television, video games, and electronic devices.
True
Children over ___ years of age have a ___-hour maximum exposure to screens daily.
5
2
Refers to time spent with any screen, including television, video games, computers, smartphones, and tablets.
Screen Time
Some children may eat only raw vegetables and fruits and go through a phase of eating only one food at lunch, such as a peanut butter sandwich. These practices (rarely/often) hurt the child nutritionally.
rarely
Children frequently make their own after-school snacks and need supervision regarding the content. Daily consumption of foods high in vitamins A and ___, fruits, and vegetables should be encouraged.
C
A positive environment for nutrition and socialization during a shared mealtime is (not important/important).
important
Pressure to eat certain foods is (avoided/encouraged).
avoided
True or false: parents who skip breakfast tend to have trouble convincing their children to eat breakfast.
True
Educating children as a group to eat healthy foods can be successful because of the powerful influence of a ___ group.
peer
People of the same age, experience, and, usually, sex.
Peer Group
Individuals 2 to 18 years of age with a body mass index (BMI) greater than the 95th percentile for age and sex or a BMI exceeding 30 kg/m2 (whichever is smaller) should be considered ___.
obese
Individuals with a BMI greater than the 85th percentile, but less than the 95th percentile, should be considered ___.
overweight
Being overweight increases the risk of hypertension, diabetes, sleep ___, orthopedic problems, and heart disease.
apnea
In Canada, obesity rates for children aged 2 to 17 years of age decreased slightly from 35% in 2004 to ___% in 2015.
30
The percentage of (girls/boys) who are considered obese (defined by a BMI over 30) is currently 14.5%, and for (girls/boys) it is 9.5%.
boys
girls
True or false: adequate sleep duration in childhood may offer a protective effect on weight maintenance and overweight risk in children.
True
Experts believe that overweight and ___ behaviours are the primary risk factors for the development of insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease.
sedentary
Genetic or environmental factor: a child whose overweight parents constantly use food as a reward faces a greater risk of obesity than does a child of thin parents who do not reward the child with food.
Environmental
Involves the ability to undress and dress, to wipe and flush, and to clean hands.
Full Bladder and Bowel Control
Most children have full bowel and bladder control by ___ years of age.
5
The child’s elimination patterns are similar to the adult’s, with urination occurring ___ to ___ times a day and bowel movements averaging ___ or ___ times a day.
6, 8
1, 2
Involuntary urination at an age when control should be present.
Enuresis
Children with ___ enuresis have never achieved bladder control, and those with ___ enuresis have periods of dryness and recurrent enuresis.
primary
secondary
Bedwetting.
Involuntary Nocturnal Urination
Involuntary nocturnal urination (bedwetting) that occurs at least ___ a month is defined as nocturnal enuresis.
once
Wetting during the day has been termed ___ ___.
diurnal enuresis
Enuresis affects 7% of (girls/boys) and 3% of (girls/boys) at 5 years of age.
boys
girls
Often called intermittent incontinence.
Diurnal Enuresis
This term describes a urinary pattern most often seen in school-age girls.
Diurnal Enuresis
It is not clear why children delay urination or empty their bladders only partially, thus promoting ___ incontinence.
overflow
Increase fluid intake to prevent “holding” and establish a voiding routine of every ___ hours, with a conscious effort to empty the bladder.
2
The persistent voluntary or involuntary passing of stool into the child’s underpants after age 4 years.
Encopresis
Encopresis is a (uncommon/common) complication of chronic constipation.
common
For encopresis, soiling at night is (uncommon/common).
uncommon
True or false: in most cases, encopresis has no discernible physiological cause and is not related to laxative use.
True
Stool leaking around impaction and through the child’s rectum, often without the child’s knowledge, is associated with this condition.
Encopresis
Often associated with recurrent abdominal pain and, for many, enuresis as well.
Encopresis
Boys are typically (less/more) active than girls.
more
Generally, the school-age child is naturally active, although many do ___ meet current activity recommendations.
not
Those who perceive their neighbourhood as unsafe or do not have at least one parent who exercises are ___ likely to exercise themselves.
less
Physical activity and participation in sport activities tends to (decrease/increase) with age, particularly among girls.
decrease
The CPS recommends that children aged 5-11 years accumulate at least ___ minutes of exercise daily, including vigorous-intensity activities and activities that strengthen muscles and bone at least ___ days per week.
60
3
Impressive changes in motor skills occur between the age of ___ years and the age of ___ years, allowing the child to engage in many activities that develop strength, balance, and coordination
6
12
Typically occurs through group activities and organized sports such as hockey and soccer; individual activities such as gymnastics and ballet; and unorganized play such as bike riding, sledding, rollerblading, and imaginary play.
Exercise
School-age children frequently prefer interacting with ___ rather than with the family.
peers
This desire for peer interaction, usually with one of the (opposite/same) sex, extends beyond school and carries over to play and outside activities.
same
Children of this age express pleasure in their ___ of stamps, rocks, or other objects.
collection(s)
True or false: most school-age children have no difficulties with sleep.
True
Sleep requirements and patterns are more similar to those of an ___ than those of a younger child.
adult
Individual needs vary based on activity, age, and state of health, but most school-age children sleep between ___ and ___ hours a night (without/with) naps during the day.
10
12
without
School-age children experience (few/many) difficulties with going to bed.
few
When problems arise regarding ___, children may be testing parents who have not been clear and firm about their expectations for their children going to bed or have not been willing to discuss the arrangement with their children.
bedtime
Although many Canadians accept the idea that school-age children should sleep in their ___ beds, some other cultures encourage the family or siblings to sleep together.
own
True or false: in the school-age child, bed-sharing does not have any impact on sleep patterns, nor does it show any long-term effects toward health, positive or negative.
True
Night terrors, sleepwalking, sleep talking, and enuresis:
disorders of arousal.
Fill in the blanks.
Approximately one in six children (15%) aged ___ to ___ years has sleepwalked at least once, but far fewer children walk in their sleep persistently.
5
12
Most likely due to the brain’s inability to regulate sleep-wake cycles because of immaturity of the central nervous system.
Sleepwalking
It occurs more often in boys and often occurs with enuresis.
Sleepwalking
Mumbling during sleep when talking to a parent or other person.
Sleep Talking
This is a stage when children learn by manipulating concrete objects and cannot perform thinking operations that require abstraction.
Concrete Operations
Piaget refers to the age span of ___ to ___ years as the period of concrete operations.
7
11
During concrete operations, the child moves from egocentric to more ___ interactions, increasing their understanding of many concepts gained through environmental connections.
cooperative
The operations of this period are termed ___ because the child’s mental operations or actions still depend on the ability to perceive specific examples of what has happened.
concrete
Fill in the blanks.
