Edelman & Kudzma (2021) p. 253 - 290

Question 1

True or false: the law in Canada requires caregivers to use infant and child restraints.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Recognized as the most vulnerable and dependent members of society and their well-being is often used to measure the overall health of society.

Answer 2

Infants

Question 3

Understanding these principles helps the nurse identify deviations from the norm and institute appropriate health-promoting interventions.

Answer 3

Principles of Normal Growth and Development

Question 4

Health is shaped by a broad set of ___, including socioeconomic status, physical and social environments, genetics and biological influences, and access to health care.

Answer 4

determinants

Question 5

Infant development begins (before/after) birth.

Answer 5

before

Question 6

The infant’s first and most basic task is ___, which includes the physical tasks of breathing, sucking, eating, digesting, eliminating, and sleeping.

Answer 6

survival

Question 7

Since many survival tasks involve the infant’s mouth, this stage of life often is referred to as the ___ stage of development, reflecting the primary importance of the mouth as the centre of pleasure.

Answer 7

oral

Question 8

The brain volume ___ in size from birth to 1 year of age due to the development of neural connections, long-range axons, and myelination.

Answer 8

doubles

Question 9

Presents itself in colourful mobiles, music, spoken voice, and toys to assist the infant in achieving developmental tasks.

Answer 9

Stimuli

Question 10

Ensuring that appropriate sensory ___ are available is vital to the infant’s growth and developmental progression.

Answer 10

stimuli

Question 11

The sense of ___ is also an extremely important stimulus, impacting the social attachment between the infant and caregiver, as well as the infant’s level of brain activity and connectivity.

Answer 11

touch

Question 12

During the early postnatal period, the most important external stimuli relate to a caregiver’s sensitivity and ___ to infant cues as they establish a trusting infant-caregiver relationship.

Answer 12

responsiveness

Question 13

Critical periods of brain development, prominent during the first year of life, are points in time where regions of the brain are more sensitive to ___ factors that provide instructive and adaptive signals for neural development and functional brain pathways.

Answer 13

environmental

Question 14

Growth and Development During Infancy (1-5 Months)

Match the indicators to the corresponding age.

Answer 14

Question 15

Parenting Tasks for Developmental Landmarks in Infancy

Match the landmarks and parenting tasks together and then to their corresponding age.

Answer 15

Question 16

A developmental theory that is concerned primarily with a series of tasks or crises that each individual must resolve before encountering the next one.

Answer 16

Erikson’s Eight Stages of Life

Question 17

The central tasks during infancy in Erikson’s psychosocial developmental Theory.

Answer 17

Trust versus Mistrust

Question 18

These tasks in Erikson’s psychosocial developmental Theory occur when adults meet an infant’s basic needs for survival.

Answer 18

Trust versus Mistrust

Question 19

The infant develops a sense of trust first in the (mother/father) (or other caregiver), and then in other significant people.

Answer 19

mother

Question 20

Influences the infant’s future relationships, allowing deeper commitment and intimacy.

Answer 20

Trust

Question 21

A prompt, sensitive, and consistent ___ to the infant’s needs helps foster security and trust because it enables the infant to predict what will happen within the environment.

Answer 21

response

Question 22

This theory focuses on intellectual changes that occur in a sequential manner as a result of continual interaction between the infant and the environment.

Answer 22

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

Question 23

This theory is based on the idea that infants actively construct knowledge as they explore and manipulate the world around them.

Answer 23

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

Question 24

Piaget’s ___ period (up to age 18 months) describes the time during which infants develop the coordination to master activities that allow them to interact with the environment.

Answer 24

sensorimotor

Question 25

During this period the infant solves problems using sensory systems and motor activity rather than symbolic processes, which develop later.

Answer 25

Sensorimotor

Question 26

Rod cells in the retina of the eyes, which are responsible for light perception, are functional at birth although the retina (the organ of visual perception) is not fully developed until approximately ___ months of age.

Answer 26

4

Question 27

The newborn infant can perceive colour and shape, and can focus on objects up to ___ cm (___ inches) from their face.

Answer 27

25

10

Question 28

Involuntary muscle responses that are normally exhibited after particular types of new stimulation.

Answer 28

Reflexes

Question 29

These serve as important signs of nervous system development.

Answer 29

Reflexes

Question 30

The ___ reflex, activated by the angle of the lips or cheek being lightly stroked, helps the infant locate the food source.

Answer 30

rooting

Question 31

The ___ reflex is initiated when an object is placed in the infant’s mouth.

Answer 31

sucking

Question 32

Some infant reflexes, such as ___ and ___, have survival value.

Answer 32

rooting

sucking

Question 33

Together these reflexes ensure that the infant can obtain food.

Answer 33

Rooting and sucking

Question 34

The infant in the ___ period uses behavioural strategies to manipulate objects, learn some of their properties, and reach goals by combining several behaviours.

Answer 34

sensorimotor

Question 35

Growth and Development: Piaget’s Five Stages (within the sensorimotor period) of Infant Development

Match the stage with its corresponding description.

Answer 35

Question 36

An assessment tool that screens children from birth to 6 years of age.

Answer 36

Looksee Checklist

Question 37

To assist the nurse and parent in the assessment of infant development, this assessment tool includes a series of age-specific checklists that track developmental skills in the areas of vision, hearing, communication, fine motor, gross motor, cognitive, social, emotional, and self-help.

Answer 37

Looksee Checklist

Question 38

Common developmental screening tool used in primary care during well-baby/child visits.

Answer 38

Rourke Baby Record

Question 39

Includes sections for the health care provider to monitor developmental milestones, growth and nutrition, physical examinations, immunizations, and provide anticipatory guidance for health promotion for children 1 month to 5 years of age.

Answer 39

Rourke Baby Record

Question 40

Actual age minus the number of weeks that the infant was preterm.

Answer 40

Corrected Age

Question 41

Used to plot measurements for premature infants.

Answer 41

Corrected Age

Question 42

Monitoring of body mass index (BMI) is recommended beginning at ___ years old.

Answer 42

2

Question 43

The nurse plots the infant’s length, weight, and head circumference measurements on ___ charts during each well-baby visit to observe for trends or disturbances in growth over time.

Answer 43

growth

Question 44

WHO

Answer 44

World Health Organization

Question 45

CPS

Answer 45

Canadian Paediatric Society

Question 46

The nurse should have the skills and knowledge to accurately measure ___/height, weight, and ___ circumference of an infant.

Answer 46

length

head

Question 47

Generally refers to the classification of human beings into groups based on particular physical characteristics attributable to a common inheritance, such as skin colour, eye shape, and hair texture.

Answer 47

Race

Question 48

Commonly associated with cultural characteristics such as language and religion.

Answer 48

Ethnicity

Question 49

In some cultures, having a (male/female) child is seen to be more socially and economically advantageous.

Answer 49

male

Question 50

By 6 months, girls respond to visual stimulation with (shorter/longer) attention spans and are (less/more) socially responsive than are boys.

Answer 50

longer

more

Question 51

Girls also tend to sit up, walk, and crawl (earlier/later) than do boys.

Answer 51

eariler

Question 52

Boys are, on average, (smaller/larger) and have proportionately (less/more) muscle mass at birth.

Answer 52

larger

more

Question 53

Girls are generally smaller but physiologically more mature at birth and are (less/more) vulnerable to stress.

Answer 53

less

Question 54

Families of Western cultures tend to favour a ‘___ family’ in which they desire one child of each sex.

Answer 54

balanced

Question 55

___ and ___ are primarily linked to health through social processes such as discrimination and social exclusion, and it is argued that social and economic conditions account for the health inequalities among minority populations rather than genetics.

Answer 55

Race

ethnicity

Question 56

SIDS

Answer 56

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Question 57

An abnormality of structure, function, or metabolism as a result of a genetic or environmental influence on the fetus, often a combination of both.

Answer 57

Birth Defect

Question 58

The risk of having a child with Down syndrome increases significantly for women older than ___ years.

Answer 58

35

Question 59

Characteristic features of ___ syndrome include almond-shaped eyes; small head, ears, and mouth; large, protruding tongue; broad, short hands and feet; low muscle tone; and some degree of developmental disability.

Answer 59

Down

Question 60

Important Aspects to Review in the Initial Interview for Primary Prevention of Genetic Disorders/Birth Defects.

Identify the aspect by using its description.

Answer 60

Question 61

A neuro-degenerative disease characterized by emotional symptoms, deterioration of cognitive functions, and involuntary movements.

Answer 61

Huntington’s Disease

Question 62

Approximately 7000 Canadians have Huntington’s disease, and each of their children has a ___% chance of developing it.

Answer 62

50

Question 63

A coagulation disorder caused by a deficiency of a clotting factor, leading to frequent and prolonged bleeding that can be life-threatening.

Answer 63

Hemophilia

Question 64

The nurse promotes the infant’s health through the parents, who determine the care practices for the (dependent/independent) infant.

Answer 64

dependent

Question 65

Include genetics and lifestyle, as well as a wide range of social, economic, and environmental factors.

Answer 65

Determinants of Health

Question 66

Refers to physical, mental, and social well-being rather than the absence of disease.

Answer 66

Health

Question 67

Refers to parents’ belief in their parenting competence and capacity to support their child’s development.

Answer 67

Parental Self-Efficacy

Question 68

Parental modelling of a healthy lifestyle (decreases/increases) the chances that good health practices will be retained throughout the child’s life.

Answer 68

increases

Question 69

True or false: milk will provide practically every nutrient the infant needs for the first year of life.

Answer 69

True

Question 70

During infancy, a period of rapid growth, nutrient requirements per kilogram of body weight are proportionally (lower/higher) than at any other time in the life cycle.

Answer 70

higher

Question 71

Because the infant’s body weight is approximately 75% water, the baby must consume (small/large) amounts of fluid to maintain water balance.

Answer 71

large

Question 72

The recommended daily ___ requirements are 9.1 g during the first 6 months and 11 g during the second 6 months.

Answer 72

protein

Question 73

___ should supply 30% to 60% of the energy intake during infancy.

Answer 73

Carbohydrates

Question 74

The recommended daily intake of ___ is 60 g for infants up to 6 months of age and 95 g for infants 7 to 12 months old.

Answer 74

carbohydrates

Question 75

No more than 20% of an infant’s daily energy requirement should come from ___ because infants are not able to process and excrete the excess nitrogen from higher-___ diets.

Answer 75

protein x2

Question 76

For infants, 31 g of ___ per day for the first 6 months of life and 30 g of ___ per day during the second 6 months of life (approximately 40%-50% of the calories) are recommended.

Answer 76

fats x2

Question 77

Supplemental ___ is not necessary, even in hot, dry climates-in fact, breast milk composition adapts to the weather, with increasing ___ content during hot temperatures.

Answer 77

water x2

Question 78

Significantly lower intakes, such as in cow and goat milk or plant-based milks, can result in an inadequate energy intake and are (inappropriate/appropriate) substitutes for breast milk or formula.

Answer 78

inappropriate

Question 79

Essential nutrients in the infant’s diet that regulate metabolism and allow more efficient use of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins within the body.

Answer 79

Vitamins

Question 80

A disorder involving poor mineralization and formation of bones.

Answer 80

Rickets

Question 81

Vitamin ___ deficiency causes rickets.

Answer 81

D

Question 82

Since sunlight is the primary source of vitamin D, and infants are supposed to avoid direct sunlight for the first year of life, a vitamin D supplement of ___ IU is recommended for all breastfed infants from birth to 1 year old.

Answer 82

400

Question 83

The primary source of vitamin D.

Answer 83

Sunlight

Question 84

Found in relatively small amounts in the infant’s body but are vital elements in body structure and control of certain body functions.

Answer 84

Minerals

Question 85

Mineral intake for infants appears to be adequate, except for ___.

Answer 85

iron

Question 86

The full-term infant is born with stores of ___ adequate to meet the needs for hemoglobin production for approximately 6 months. After this time, body stores need to be replenished to avoid ___-deficiency anemia.

Answer 86

iron x2

Question 87

Although it is bioavailable in human milk, breastfed and formula-fed infants should receive an additional source of ___ by 6 months of age.

Answer 87

iron

Question 88

Meat, meat alternatives, and iron-fortified cereals are good sources of ___ and therefore recommended as the infant’s first foods.

Answer 88

iron

Question 89

Foods high in iron can be paired with foods high in vitamin ___ to help with iron absorption.

Answer 89

C

Question 90

The ‘pull to (formula/breastfeeding)’: lifestyle preferences, drug and alcohol use, supplementation practices, and limited role models.

Answer 90

formula

Question 91

The ‘pull to (formula/breastfeeding)’ traditional feeding method, spiritual practice, and increased bonding with infant.

Answer 91

breastfeeding

Question 92

A review of these requirements shows that breast milk or formula plus a vitamin ___ supplement meets most of the infant’s nutritional needs

Answer 92

D

Question 93

An infant’s first and preferred source of nutrition should be (formula/breast) milk.

Answer 93

breast

Question 94

Research throughout the years has demonstrated unequivocally that exclusive breastfeeding is the preferred method of infant feeding for the first ___ months of life, and should be encouraged for 2 years and beyond with appropriate complementary feeding.

Answer 94

6

Question 95

Includes immunoglobulins and white blood cells to help prevent infections.

Answer 95

Breastmilk

Question 96

Has been shown to improve children’s cognitive development and reduce the risk of gastrointestinal illness, otitis media, respiratory infections, SIDS, and obesity.

Answer 96

Breastfeeding

Question 97

An inadequate supply of breast milk is a (common/rare) condition.

Answer 97

rare

Question 98

UNICEF

Answer 98

United Nations Children’s Fund

Question 99

An initiative developed in a global effort to increase breastfeeding.

Answer 99

Baby-Friendly Initiative

Question 100

To become a baby-friendly facility in Canada, the ___ steps to successful breastfeeding must be implemented.

Answer 100

10

Question 101

Support mothers to exclusively breastfeed for the first ___ months, unless supplements are medically indicated.

Answer 101

6

Question 102

Bacteria found that metabolizes milk saccharides, producing large amounts of acetic acid, lactic acid, and some formic and succinic acids, which create the low pH of the stool of breastfed infants.

Answer 102

Lactobacillus bifidus

Question 103

True or false: breastmilk is easier to digest than formula.

Answer 103

True

Question 104

(Formula/ breastmilk) contains anti-inflammatory properties.

Answer 104

breastmilk

Question 105

(Breastmilk/formula) is full of immunological agents to protect against disease.

Answer 105

Breastmilk

Question 106

Assists in the process of uterine involution and decreases postpartum vaginal bleeding.

Answer 106

Breastfeeding

Question 107

The shrinkage of an organ in old age or when inactive, e.g. of the uterus after childbirth.

Answer 107

Involution

Question 108

True or false: breastfeeding is cheaper and more convenient than formula.

Answer 108

True

Question 109

Delays return of mother’s period and helps space pregnancies.

Answer 109

Breastfeeding

Question 110

Reduces mother’s risk of some cancers, heart disease, diabetes, and osteoporosis.

Answer 110

Breastfeeding

Question 111

Promotes weight reduction for new mother.

Answer 111

Breatfeeding

Question 112

Alcohol and medications (do not pass/pass) into breast milk.

Answer 112

pass

Question 113

Expose nipples to air after each feeding and allow some breast milk to dry on nipples for their lubricating and anti-___ properties.

Answer 113

infective

Question 114

Only ___% of women breastfeed exclusively to 6 months.

Answer 114

26

Question 115

Mothers who formula-feed have been shown to experience feelings of ___ and stigma associated with their feeding choice.

Answer 115

guilt

Question 116

Bring water for mixing with formula to a rolling boil for ___ minutes.

Answer 116

2

Question 117

Store the prepared formula in the refrigerator for no more than ___ hours.

Answer 117

24

Question 118

True or false: warm the formula by placing microwave oven.

Answer 118

False

Question 119

Discard any formula the infant did not drink within ___ hours.

Answer 119

2

Question 120

Your infant is feeding at least ___ times in 24 hours.

Answer 120

8

Question 121

The infant has bursts of ___ or more sucks and swallows at the beginning of each feeding.
As your breast softens, the infant slows down to 2 to ___ sucks and swallows at a time.

Answer 121

10

3

Question 122

You see at least one wet diaper for each day of your infant’s age (e.g., three wet diapers on day 3), up until day 5, and at least ___ wet diapers daily thereafter.

Answer 122

6

Question 123

Baby loses weight for the first ___ days, but regains birth weight by 10 to 14 days.

Answer 123

3

Question 124

Breastfeeding Positions

Answer 124

Question 125

The infant should be able to do the following ___ tasks before solid foods are introduced: sit with support, have good head and neck control, keep food in their mouth without pushing it out with their tongue, lean forward and open mouth when interested in food, and turn away when not hungry.

Answer 125

developmental

Question 126

The risks of introducing complementary foods too early include eczema, diabetes, and overweight status at a later age, yet research finds that most mothers are introducing solids before ___ months.

Answer 126

6

Question 127

A rare but serious illness caused by a toxin that attacks the body’s nerves and causes difficulty breathing, muscle paralysis, and even death.

Answer 127

Botulism

Question 128

It is recommended that salt, sugar, and spices be (avoided/introduced).

Answer 128

avoided

Question 129

Round-shaped foods like whole grapes or hotdogs.

Answer 129

Choking Hazards

Question 130

Infants should also avoid ___ until they are older than 1 year of age, due to the risk of botulism.

Answer 130

honey

Question 131

To support the developing neuro-muscular system, textures should be soft at ___ months (minced, pureed, mashed, or ground), progressing to lumpy textures by ___ months as the biting motion is developing, and to the texture of a range of typical family foods of tender consistency by ___ to 18 months when children acquire full chewing movements.

Answer 131

6

8

12

Question 132

___ foods should be offered all along to support infants’ oral and motor development.

Answer 132

Finger

Question 133

Children can eat soft food from a spoon between ___ and 9 months of age, and try to use a spoon independently between ___ and 12 months of age.

Answer 133

6

9

Question 134

Breast milk or formula will remain the most important drink until the child is at least ___ months of age, supplying approximately half of the energy needs of the infant, while food provides the other half.

Answer 134

12

Question 135

Not recommended due to its association with diarrhea, dental caries, and the potential that it will reduce the infant’s appetite for more nutritious foods.

Answer 135

Juice

Question 136

In addition to their questionable nutritional value, additives in commercial baby food can (negatively/positively) influence an infant’s health status.

Answer 136

negatively

Question 137

Preserve shelf-life; facilitate preparation; improve flavour, colour, and texture; and keep flavours and textures consistent.

Answer 137

Additives

Question 138

It may take up to ___ times for a new food to be accepted-keep offering it over time and don’t get discouraged.

Answer 138

10

Question 139

When introducing foods that are common allergens, introduce no more than ___ new food that day, and wait for 2 days to identify if it caused a reaction.

Answer 139

1

Question 140

As the infant learns how to handle solid foods, they may reflexively gag. This is (not normal/normal).

Answer 140

normal

Question 141

(Never/always) try to coerce the infant into eating.

Answer 141

Never

Question 142

Buying commercially prepared infant foods is (not necessary/necessary).

Answer 142

not necessary

Question 143

A gradual, caring process that introduces the infant to a cup, which replaces the bottle or breast.

Answer 143

Weaning

Question 144

Developmentally, the infant can usually learn to use a cup beginning at ___ months; however, since breastfeeding is recommended to ___ years of age and beyond, this developmental milestone can be accomplished by offering small sips of water from an open cup between breastfeedings.

Answer 144

6

2

Question 145

For infants who are bottle-fed, the transition to a cup should take place by about ___ months of age and be complete by 18 months of age.

Answer 145

12

Question 146

Reduces prolonged bottle-feeding, which is associated with risk for dental caries and displacement of nutrient-rich foods.

Answer 146

Weaning

Question 147

Cow’s milk can be introduced between ___ and 12 months of age, once the infant is eating a wide variety of iron-rich foods, and should not total more than 750 mL per day.

Answer 147

9

Question 148

Since cow’s milk is low in iron, excess cow’s milk consumption is a risk factor for iron-deficiency ___ because it displaces other iron-rich foods.

Answer 148

anemia

Question 149

Drinking milk from an open ___ rather than from a bottle can help prevent excessive consumption.

Answer 149

cup

Question 150

Involves decay of all upper teeth and some of the lower posterior teeth from direct contact with sugar, syrup, honey-sweetened water, or fruit juice.

Answer 150

Baby-Bottle Tooth Decay

Question 151

By not using the bottle as a pacifier, parents can prevent this condition.

Answer 151

Baby-Bottle Tooth Decay

Question 152

Allowing infants to sleep with propped bottles can lead to ___ if the milk flows too rapidly or the infant becomes too sleepy to coordinate sucking and swallowing.

Answer 152

aspiration

Question 153

It is more detrimental to wean an infant too (soon/late).

Answer 153

soon

Question 154

Introduce the cup for ___ feeding per day and progress until the breast or bottle is surrendered.

Answer 154

1

Question 155

Drop a feeding out every few days until the (morning/evening) feeding is the last one left.

Answer 155

evening

Question 156

Both breastfed and formula-fed infants progress from a pattern of having (few/multiple) stools per day in the early weeks to (fewer/multiple) stools per day after the first few months of life.

Answer 156

multiple

fewer

Question 157

A (breastfed/formula-fed) infant’s stools have a mushy golden-yellow colour and a seedy consistency, with a slightly sour but clean smell, dissimilar to stools passed later in life.

Answer 157

breastfed

Question 158

A (breastfed/formula-fed) infant’s stools are firm, pasty, and smellier and resemble those of an infant eating solid food.

Answer 158

formula-fed

Question 159

The breastfed infant has many daily stools during the first and second months of life, progressing to one stool per day or even one stool every 4 to ___ days in the later months before solid foods are introduced.

Answer 159

5

Question 160

The bottle-fed infant has two to four stools per day during the first month, tapering to ___ a day or even fewer at the end of infancy.

Answer 160

1

Question 161

Bowel evacuation remains under involuntary, reflexive control until myelination of the spinal cord is complete, usually by 14 to ___ months of age.

Answer 161

18

Question 162

Nurses advise parents to delay toilet training until the infant is developmentally ready, most often between 2 and ___ years of age.

Answer 162

4

Question 163

A breastfed infant (rarely/often) becomes constipated when consuming adequate amounts of breast milk.

Answer 163

rarely

Question 164

An infant who voids 6 to ___ times a day during the first few months of life is usually healthy and well hydrated.

Answer 164

12

Question 165

Urination (decreases/increases) as fluid intake increases.

Answer 165

increases

Question 166

Voiding is involuntary until sometime during the ___ year of life, when bladder sensation develops.

Answer 166

second

Question 167

(Irregular/regular) patterns of voiding characterize the remaining period of infancy.

Answer 167

Irregular

Question 168

For breastfeeding mothers, the infant’s ___ is an important way of knowing whether the baby is feeding well and getting an adequate amount of breast milk.

Answer 168

output

Question 169

An exercise of the senses.

Answer 169

Play

Question 170

Exploration is the heart of ___, as it is how infants learn about their body and the world around them.

Answer 170

play

Question 171

As the infant enters the second half of the first year and becomes ___, the family should provide the infant with increasing opportunities for spontaneous play and exploration.

Answer 171

mobile

Question 172

Buying expensive toys is (unnecessary/necessary).

Answer 172

unnecessary

Question 173

Involves experiences in sight, sound, and touch that are free and can be provided by any parent.

Answer 173

Stimulation

Question 174

Should include face-to-face interactions rather than screen time (TV, smartphones, computers, etc.).

Answer 174

Stimulation

Question 175

Does not support children’s development at a young age and instead has been associated with lower cognitive ability, including language delays.

Answer 175

Screen-Time

Question 176

The CPS does not recommend any screen time for children younger than age ___.

Answer 176

2

Question 177

Most of the infant’s ___ is solitary and repetitious.

Answer 177

play

Question 178

Examples of ___:

1) Having lullabies sung to them
2) Seeing colourful mobiles in the crib
3) Being rocked in a rocking chair

Answer 178

stimulation

Question 179

Activities must provide (intrapersonal/interpersonal) contact, activity, and exercise.

Answer 179

interpersonal

Question 180

Initially, infants sleep approximately ___% of the time, as demanded by their rapid growth.

Answer 180

80

Question 181

The 12-month-old infant sleeps for only ___ of 24 hours, a pattern that remains essentially unchanged through the second year.

Answer 181

12

Question 182

(Decreasing/increasing) infant calories during the day may reduce the likelihood of night feeding but will not reduce the need for mothers to attend to the infant in the night.

Answer 182

increasing

Question 183

Sleep problems are highly (uncommon/common) in early childhood.

Answer 183

common

Question 184

Normal Sleep Patterns for Infants

Answer 184

Question 185

An overtired infant may have (less/more) trouble sleeping.

Answer 185

more

Question 186

Encourage the establishment of a bedtime ___ (e.g., bath, pyjamas, feeding, and singing a song) and a consistent sleep schedule.

Answer 186

routine

Question 187

Put the infant down in the crib or bassinet when they are drowsy but ___ they fall asleep.

Answer 187

before

Question 188

Daytime naps are (important/detrimental).

Answer 188

important

Question 189

The sudden death of an infant younger than 1 year old during sleep that is unexpected and unexplained after a thorough postmortem examination, including autopsy, a thorough history, and scene evaluation.

Answer 189

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

Question 190

Includes prone sleeping position, being overheated, and airway obstruction.

Answer 190

Extrinsic Stressors

Question 191

The risk of dying from SIDS is highest between 1 and ___ months of age, and is uncommon after 8 months of age.

Answer 191

4

Question 192

Continues to be the second leading cause of death for healthy infants under 1 year old in Canada.

Answer 192

SIDS

Question 193

The incidence of SIDS in Canada (decreased/increased) by over 300% from 2000 to 2013, likely due to fewer women smoking during pregnancy, more women breastfeeding, and the Back to Sleep campaign that encouraged caregivers to lay infants on their backs to sleep.

Answer 193

decreased

Question 194

Provide your baby with a safe sleep environment that has a (firm/soft) surface and no pillows, comforters, quilts, or bumper pads.

Answer 194

firm

Question 195

Always place your baby on his or her (back/front) to sleep, at naptime and night time.

Answer 195

back

Question 196

One consequence of the Safe Sleep for Your Baby campaign is a significant increase in occipital flattening or cranial asymmetry called:

Answer 196

positional plagiocephaly.

Question 197

Prevention of this is attributed to placing infants for sleep with their head at different ends of the crib on alternate days.

Answer 197

Positional plagiocephaly

Question 198

This can impact caregivers’ adherence to following the recommendations for placing infants in a supine sleeping position, due to concerns about the potential permanent impact on the infant’s appearance.

Answer 198

Positional plagiocephaly

Question 199

Prevention of this includes but is not limited to having a smoke-free environment before and after birth and room-sharing for the first 6 months.

Answer 199

SIDS

Question 200

___-time is a key intervention in preventing positional plagiocephaly and gross motor delays in infants.

Answer 200

Tummy

Question 201

This prone position provides infants with increased physical challenges and gives them a chance to begin developing head control by strengthening neck muscles.

Answer 201

Tummy-Time

Question 202

Parents should be instructed to allow supervised tummy time when the infant is (asleep/awake) and should be cautioned about the amount of time their infant spends in a car seat, swings, or other infant carriers.

Answer 202

awake

Question 203

Nurses should educate the parents to introduce ___ positioning in short periods several times a day, aiming for 10-15 minutes three times per day.

Answer 203

prone

Question 204

Nursing assessment of the infant at risk of SIDS includes observing the infant for ___ episodes. Usually, however, nursing assessment occurs ___ death.

Answer 204

apneic

after

Question 205

Concurrent with biological, adaptive, and psychosocial achievement.

Answer 205

Cognitive Development

Question 206

The infant’s biological and cognitive developmental patterns = Piaget’s ___ period.

Answer 206

sensorimotor

Question 207

The least developed sense at birth.

Answer 207

Sight

Question 208

By ___-week-old infants can focus on objects about 20 to 30 cm away, the distance to their caregiver’s face while being fed or held.

Answer 208

1

Question 209

At 3 months, their vision is 20/40 and reaches 20/20 at ___ months.

Answer 209

6

Question 210

Parents can be assured that most infants coordinate their eye movements by the age of 3 months; by ___ months, this function is mature.

Answer 210

6

Question 211

To help stimulate the infant’s vision, encourage parents to interact with their infant at a (short/far) distance so that they can see their face.

Answer 211

short

Question 212

True or false: the sense of smell in an infant is keen.

Answer 212

True

Question 213

The sense of taste is present at birth, and salivation begins at approximately ___ months of age.

Answer 213

3

Question 214

The taste buds for ___ tastes are more abundant during early life than they are in later life, which may account for the preference for sweets that is characteristic of infants and children.

Answer 214

sweet

Question 215

An infant’s reaction to ___ foods does not come until approximately 4 to 5 months of age.

Answer 215

salty

Question 216

The most developed of all of the infant’s senses, as it is the main way in which infants learn about their environment and bond with other people.

Answer 216

Touch

Question 217

Perceptions of ___ and touch are perhaps the most important of all senses.

Answer 217

motion

Question 218

Skin-to-skin touching should be performed regularly; evidence shows that touch helps relieve infant ___ and accelerates neuro-muscular development.

Answer 218

stress

Question 219

An important aspect of the infant’s cognitive and perceptual pattern, is affected by development of the intellect, maturation of the central nervous system, development of the organs of speech, and exposure to human verbalization.

Answer 219

Language Development

Question 220

During the first ___ months, most of the infant’s sounds are vowels and are made primarily in the front part of the mouth.

Answer 220

2

Question 221

The major means of communication during the first 2 months.

Answer 221

Crying

Question 222

Cooing sounds are heard at approximately 2 to ___ months, usually in response to an adult’s voice.

Answer 222

3

Question 223

By 6 months, ___ sounds are heard, and by 9 to 10 months, the infant forms two-syllable sounds.

Answer 223

babbling

Question 224

By ___ months, words such as ‘ma-ma,’ ‘bye-bye,’ and ‘da-da’ are emerging.

Answer 224

12

Question 225

From ___ to 18 months, an expressive jargon with rhythmical intonations develops, but words are recognized only rarely.

Answer 225

15

Question 226

The infant uses jargon along with ___ to express wishes.

Answer 226

pointing

Question 227

The process by which an individual recognizes, accumulates, and organizes the knowledge of the environment, beginning with the perception or recognition of an event within that environment.

Answer 227

Cognitive-Perceptual Pattern

Question 228

This theory emphasizes that the bond between the child and the mother develops as a result of the mother’s fulfillment of the infant’s innate desire to socialize and the physical requirements for survival.

Answer 228

Freudian Psychoanalytical Theory

Question 229

The ___ relationship is a vital bond between the infant and the caregiver that, when secure, facilitates physical and psychological well-being.

Answer 229

attachment

Question 230

This theory contributes the principles of reinforcement to the attachment process; as the mother meets the infant’s needs, discomfort is reduced or removed.

Answer 230

Social Learning Theory

Question 231

The ___ process is the basis for the mother-infant relationship, which, in turn, forms the basis for the interdependence that is necessary for the infant’s psychological and physical development.

Answer 231

bonding

Question 232

Refers to a pattern of poor weight gain over time, and is a physical sign that an infant is receiving inadequate nutrition for optimal growth and development.

Answer 232

Failure to Thrive

Question 233

This can be caused by a range of medical conditions and psychosocial issues, including poor parenting skills and lack of secure attachment.

Answer 233

Failure to Thrive

Question 234

Has occurred throughout history, yet its prevalence is difficult to estimate, partly because, like an iceberg, it is mostly hidden.

Answer 234

Infant/Child Abuse

Question 235

Refers to physical and/or sexual abuse experienced before the age of 15 and witnessing violence by their caregiver against another adult.

Answer 235

Child Maltreatment

Question 236

An important cause of pediatric morbidity and death and is associated with major physical and mental health problems that can extend into adulthood.

Answer 236

Child Abuse

Question 237

A few signs of ___ ___:

Malnutrition, extensive dental caries, untreated diaper dermatitis, and/or neglected wounds.

Answer 237

Child Abuse

Question 238

Signs of sexual abuse may include genital tissue injury and sexually transmitted infections (STIs); however, young children more often complain of ___-___ symptoms.

Answer 238

gastro-intestinal

Question 239

ACE

Answer 239

Adverse Childhood Experiences

Question 240

Cancer and diseases of the heart, lungs, and liver are all associated with having experienced childhood ___, as are many of the behaviours that negatively impact health, such as smoking, alcohol and drug use, and risky sexual activity.

Answer 240

abuse

Question 241

All nurses in Canada have a ___ obligation to report suspected child abuse or neglect.

Answer 241

legal

Question 242

Infants have a great oral sensitivity, enjoy skin-to-skin contact, and explore their own bodies for pleasure during the ___ year of life.

Answer 242

1st

Question 243

Implies intense reaction to an experience and changes in usual behaviour.

Answer 243

Stress

Question 244

Turning points or periods of great change (being left with a babysitter or learning how to crawl forward).

Answer 244

Developmental Crisis

Question 245

Not anticipated easily and do not occur necessarily as part of the normal growth and development process (separation from the significant other).

Answer 245

Situational Crisis

Question 246

Infant cries loudly, screams for the mother, and refuses attention of the substitute caregiver.

Answer 246

Protest

Question 247

Infant stops crying and becomes less active, withdraws, and becomes apathetic.

Answer 247

Depair

Question 248

Infant takes an interest in the surroundings but tends to ignore or reject the mother when she returns, because she failed to meet the infant’s needs.

Answer 248

Withdrawal

Question 249

The main tool of communication.

Answer 249

Crying

Question 250

The five ‘S’ system to ___ a crying infant:

1) Swaddling
2) Side/stomach position (but not for sleeping)
3) Shushing sounds
4) Swinging
5) Sucking

Answer 250

soothe

Question 251

(Of people in authority) making decisions for other people rather than letting them take responsibility for their own lives.

Answer 251

Paternalistic

Question 252

Recognize your own position of power in the nurse-client relationship and seeking to move away from a ___ model of care to one where families share power and responsibility.

Answer 252

paternalistic

Question 253

Using the corresponding hints, decipher each of Gordon’s Functional Health Patterns.

Answer 253

Question 254

Hearing

Match the hints with the corresponding ages.

Answer 254

Question 255

The entire realm of accident prevention and safety promotion is applicable to this.

Answer 255

Environmental Processes

Question 256

Most accidents occur (outdoors/in the home).

Answer 256

in the home

Question 257

For children less than ___ years of age, suffocation or choking is the number one cause of death and falls are the leading cause of hospitalization.

Answer 257

4

Question 258

___ fibres will not burn as easily and are labelled as flame retardant.

Answer 258

Synthetic

Question 259

Crib slats should be no farther than ___ cm apart.

Answer 259

6

Question 260

(Avoid/encourage) the use of baby walkers.

Answer 260

Avoid

Question 261

There should be no blankets, pillows, or stuffed animals in an infant’s crib because they can cause ___.

Answer 261

suffocation

Question 262

When the infant learns to sit or stand, the mattress should be (lowered/raised) so the infant cannot fall out of the crib.

Answer 262

lowered

Question 263

Falls are most common after ___ months of age, when the infant has learned to roll over, but they can occur at any age.

Answer 263

4

Question 264

___ involving infants happen more often in the home environment, on stairs, from furniture, and out of windows.

Answer 264

Falls

Question 265

The most common type of burn-related injury for young children, often resulting from hot drinks or hot tap water.

Answer 265

Scald

Question 266

Improved residential hot water tanks with thermostat control has contributed to a decline in burn injuries, and parents should be encouraged to set their hot water tank to no higher than ___°C.

Answer 266

49

Question 267

The leading cause of unintentional death in children aged 0 to 4.

Answer 267

Choking

Question 268

Occurs when a foreign object becomes lodged in the throat, blocking air flow.

Answer 268

Choking

Question 269

The most common cause of choking in infants.

Answer 269

Liquids

Question 270

True or false: usually an infant is injured because of improper restraint inside the automobile.

Answer 270

True

Question 271

Infants should be transported in a ___-facing car seat until they are at least 1 year of age and weigh 10 kg (22 lbs).

Answer 271

rear

Question 272

Many car seats can be used in a ___-facing position until the child is 23 kg (50 lbs), and this is considered to be the safest position for the infant and toddler.

Answer 272

rear

Question 273

UAS

Answer 273

Universal Anchoring System

Question 274

Once the car seats is installed, it should sit at a 45-degree angle and should be secured tightly enough in the seat of the car that it cannot be moved from side to side or front to back more than ___ cm (___ inch).

Answer 274

2.5

1

Question 275

Once the infant has outgrown the rear-facing car seat and is over 1 year of age and 10 kg (22 lbs), they may be turned facing forward and should stay in a forward-facing car seat until they are at least ___ years old and weigh 18 kg (40 lbs).

Answer 275

4

Question 276

Even at relatively cool ambient temperatures, the temperature can rise inside the vehicle to more than 37.8°C (100°F), which places the infant at risk of ___.

Answer 276

hyperthermia

Question 277

True or false: leaving the windows opened slightly does not significantly slow the heating process or decrease the maximal temperature attained.

Answer 277

True

Question 278

Abnormally high body temperature caused by a failure of the heat-regulating mechanisms of the body to deal with the heat coming from the environment.

Answer 278

Hyperthermia

Question 279

The best way to protect infants from some of the most harmful disease-causing pathogens is with ___.

Answer 279

immunization

Question 280

Currently, the recommended vaccine schedule protects children from ___ serious diseases.

Answer 280

14

Question 281

By exposing infants to either a killed or weakened version of the pathogen, these immunizations boost their immune response and are over ___% effective at preventing these diseases if they are encountered in the future.

Answer 281

90

Question 282

Refers to when a large portion of the population is vaccinated and therefore the opportunity for spread of vaccine-preventable disease throughout the community is reduced.

Answer 282

Herd Immunity

Question 283

All or part of a disease-causing microorganism or a modified product of that microorganism is injected into the body to make the immune system react defensively.

Answer 283

Active Immunization

Question 284

Accomplished by injection of pre-formed antibodies from an actively immunized person or animal.

Answer 284

Passive Immunization

Question 285

The National ___ Committee on Immunization, an advisory body to the Public Health Agency of Canada, makes recommendations regarding current and newly available vaccines in Canada.

Answer 285

Advisory

Question 286

ABCs of Safe Sleep

Answer 286

Alone

Back

Crib

Question 287

Refers to the care provided for infants in a centre-based facility.

Answer 287

Day-Care

Question 288

A set of learned values, beliefs, attitudes, and practices that are passed from generation to generation.

Answer 288

Culture

Question 289

Includes ideas about health, illness, food preferences, moral codes, and family life that persist across generations and survive even the upheaval of coming to a new country.

Answer 289

Ethnicity

Question 290

The Canada ___ Act is a piece of federal legislation that aims to protect, promote, and restore the physical and mental well-being of residents of Canada and to facilitate reasonable access to health services without financial or other barriers.

Answer 290

Health

Question 291

The single most influential risk factor for low birth-weights.

Answer 291

Smoking

Question 292

An upstream intervention to address the social determinants of health and increase families’ access to secure income, employment, housing, education, and food security.

Answer 292

Legislation

Question 293

A monthly tax-free payment that is adjusted to income, in order to help with the costs of raising children and to reduce childhood poverty.

Answer 293

Canada Child Benefit

Question 294

Determines the quality of other social determinants of health, such as housing and food security; impacts stress and psychological functioning; and contributes to social exclusion.

Answer 294

Income

Question 295

The nurse promotes the health of infants through their interactions with their ___ as infants are dependent on them for care.

Answer 295

parents

Question 296

Match the following age with its corresponding Immunization Schedule.

Answer 296

Question 297

Startle Reflex

Answer 297

Moro Reflex

Question 298

Growth and Development During Infancy (6-10 Months)

Match the indicators to the corresponding age.

Answer 298

Question 299

Growth and Development During Infancy (11, 12, 15, & 18 Months)

Match the indicators to the corresponding age.

Answer 299