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A-level psychology > Lee et al (1997) > Flashcards

Lee et al (1997) Flashcards

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1
Q

define culture

A

the human-made part of the environment. the way in which people do things as well as beliefs, values, and norms

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2
Q

what are individualistic cultures

A

people’s identities are defined by personal choices and achievements (self-reliance + rights of individuals to do their own thing emphasised)

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3
Q

what are collectivist cultures

A

peoples identities are defined by the group they see themselves as apart of (extended family, tribe, nation etc) group goal takes place over individual goals, maintaining group harmony is important

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4
Q

in general what do individualist cultures think about lying

A

it breaks social contract as you are denying another person their right to the truth

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5
Q

in general what do collectivist cultures think about lying

A

it leads to social disruption and destabilises social harmony

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6
Q

in terms of culture what was the aim of this study

A

to find out if the culture a child grows up in (individualist or collectivist) affects their views about truth telling and lying

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7
Q

in terms of age what was the aim of this study

A

to find out if the views of children about truth-telling and lying change as they grow older

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8
Q

what was the experimental design of this study

A

independent measures

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9
Q

describe the sample for this study

A

228 participants
- 120 from China (equal split into ages 7, 9 and 11)
- 108 from Canada: age 7,9,11 | 36, 40, 32
- 108 male, 110 female

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10
Q

which country in this study has a collectivist culture

A

china

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11
Q

which country in this study has an individualist culture

A

Canada

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12
Q

what are chinese children taught from a young age

A

taught about honesty and modesty (they should avoid boasting and to not brag about personal achievements, they should not seek teachers praise)

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13
Q

what were the categories of the four stories read to the children

A

(prosocial-lie)(prosocial-tell truth)(antisocial-lie(antisocial-tell truth)

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14
Q

what is the IV for this study

A

children from both cultures of different ages in different types of stories (prosocial vs antisocial)

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15
Q

what is the DV for this study

A

ratings of the characters behaviour (when lying + telling the truth)

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16
Q

how were the children split up in terms of stories

A

half had ‘social’ stories (had an impact on another child)
half had ‘physical’ stories (had an impact on the environment- eg tearing pages out of a book)

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17
Q

what were the two questions children had to answer after every story

A

’ is what — did good or naughty’
‘ is what — said to their teacher (about what they had done) good or naughty’

18
Q

how did the children give their answers to the two questions

A

on a 7-point rating scale (3* = very very good)(-3* = very very naughty)

19
Q

describe the findings for pro-social stories (telling the truth about something good they had done)

A

culture interacted with age to influence the child’s response
- in regards to telling the truth about something pro-social they had done, children in China viewed this less positively as they got older- it was seen as ‘begging for’ or ‘wanting’ praise

20
Q

describe the findings for pro-social stories (lying about something good they had done)

A

culture interacted with age to influence the child’s response
- children in China viewed lying about something good more positively as they got older whereas children in Canada viewed the lying as something disapproving

21
Q

describe the findings for the antisocial stories

A

culture had no influence on the childs response
- telling the truth about something anti-social was rated very positively
- lying about something anti-social was viewed negatively, and it was viewed more negatively as children got older

22
Q

what side does this study sit on in relation to the nature-nurture debate

A

nurture- suggests our morals are influenced by the culture we grow up in

23
Q

what side does this study sit on in relation to the freewill-determinism debate

A

environmental determinism- suggests our morals are caused by our culture

24
Q

what side does this study sit on in relation to the reductionist-holism debate

A

holistic- suggests both age and culture are influences on moral development

25
Q

in what way can this study be argued as not being ethnocentric

A

it studies children from different countries and cultures (individualist and collectivist, canada + china)

26
Q

in what way can this study be argued as being ethnocentric

A
  • cant guarantee Canada and China represent all individualist and collectivist cultures
  • translating into english and mandarin can have different direct translations (effecting telling of the prosocial/antisocial/truth/lying stories)
  • story is very western so may not be applicable to chinese culture
27
Q

what are the similarities between Lee et al and Kohlberg

A
  • both cross-cultural
  • both involved children being given scenarios to comment upon
28
Q

how are both Lee et al and Kohlberg cross-cultural

A
  • in Kohlberg many countries and cultures studied (Malaysia, Canada, USA, Taiwan, Mexico, Turkey, UK)
  • In Lee et al studied individualist and collectivist cultures (in Canada and China)
29
Q

how are both Lee et al and Kohlberg both involved in children being given scenarios to comment upon

A
  • in Kohlberg children given different moral dilemmas to comment upon every 3 years for 12 years (eg Heinz dilemma)
  • in Lee et al children given 4 prosocial and antisocial stories about truth telling and lying to comment upon
30
Q

describe the differences between Lee et al and Kohlberg

A
  • one longitudinal study, other snapshot
  • different gender mix of participants
31
Q

how do Lee et al and Kohlberg have different methods in study

A
  • Kohlbergs study was longitudinal, it used the same people over 12 years from age 10-16 to 22-28
  • Lee et als study was snapshot, it used different children in different age groups 7,9,11 at the same time
32
Q

how do Lee et al and Kohlberg have different gender mix of participants

A
  • Kohlbergs study only studied 75 boys
  • Lee et als study studied both boys and girls (118 boys and 110 girls)
33
Q

how has this study changed our understanding of the key theme ‘moral development’

A
  • suggested that the culture a child grows up in can have an effect on the development of their moral thinking
  • it isn’t talking about ‘levels’ or ‘stages’ of moral development
34
Q

how hasn’t this study changed our understanding of the key theme ‘moral development’

A
  • both studies find that childrens moral thinking changes as they grow older
  • it doesn’t find anything to challenge the idea of moral thinking developing in a sequence
35
Q

how hasnt this study changed our understanding of individual diversity

A

neither studies explore reasons for individual differences in moral thinking between children (regarding responses given in the study)

36
Q

how hasn’t this study changed our understanding of individual diversity

A

neither studies explore reasons for individual differences in moral thinking between children (regarding responses given in the study)

37
Q

how hasn’t this study changed our understanding of social diversity

A

both say the age a child is at will influence the way they think about issues of morality

38
Q

how has this study changed our understanding of social diversity

A

told about boys and girls, not just boys. told us about younger children aged 7, 9 and 11 and not children ages 10-28

39
Q

how has this study changed our understanding of cultural diversity

A

the culture a child grows up in does effect their moral thinking

40
Q

how hasn’t this study changed our understanding of cultural diversity

A

canada was one of the countries data was collected from in both studies

A-level psychology (26 decks)

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